This study develops a high-performance electrochemical sensor using a CaZrO3@CB composite for the sensitive detection of rutin. The composite, synthesized via a hydrothermal method, enhances electron transfer and catalytic efficiency. The CaZrO3@CB-modified GCE achieves a broad detection range (20–480 μM) with an ultra-low detection limit (2.5 nM). The sensor demonstrates excellent stability (94.5% response retention after 30 days), high repeatability (RSD: 1.2%), and strong interference resistance. Real-sample validation in apple juice and human urine shows high recovery rates (95.0–98.5%), confirming its practical utility in food and biological analysis.