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The commodity-level Food Import Vulnerability Index (FIVI) is calculated as the geometric mean of the three components listed above for each staple food and each country. The commodity-level FIVI is calculated for the 15 most important staple foods: wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, potatoes, sweet potatoes, plantains, beans, groundnuts, soybeans, sugar, and vegetable oils. ... Read more

Please note that if a country is a net exporter of the commodity, the food import dependence is considered zero for the purpose of calculating the FIVI, resulting in a vulnerability index of zero for that commodity.

The country FIVI combines the commodity-level FIVIs for the 15 staple foods into one national index. More specifically, it is calculated as the geometric mean of the share of staple calories that are imported and the share of the population that is moderately or severely food insecure. The former is calculated as the weighted average of import dependence of the 15 staple foods, where the weights are the contribution of the commodity to caloric intake in the country. More information on the data sources and methods can be found in the Methods section.

The rationale behind using a multiplicative index is to ensure that the FIVI = 0 if there is a) zero caloric intake from the food commodity, b) the commodity is not imported, or c) none of the population is food insecure. For the FIVI score to be 100, the commodity would need to account for all of the caloric intake, all domestic supply of the commodity would need to come from imports, and the entire population would need to experience moderate or severe food insecurity. These are the extremes. In practice, the national FIVI ranges between 1 and 84, with the highest value found for Yemen.

In addition to major staple crops like maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, the Food Import Vulnerability Index (FIVI) also incorporates metrics on lesser-traded consumer products that nevertheless contribute significantly to caloric intake in vulnerable countries. Specifically, cassava, plantains, yams, and millet have been included in the index calculations. These commodities account for at least 15% of caloric intake in 10 out of the 26 countries where the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) is equal to or greater than 20%, and where moderate food insecurity impacts at least 59% of the population. In scenarios of external shocks affecting food security, these lesser-traded staples serve as important substitutes and should be integrated into policy considerations.

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All 15 staple foods: The distribution of staple crops is not uniform across the globe. Low- and middle-income countries tend to rely more heavily on staple crops, emphasizing their importance in these regions. This map shows the combined share of caloric intake coming from all 15 commodities across the world. These products account for at least 30% of the calorie intake of different countries.

Main 3 staple foods: These commodities can vary based on regional dietary preferences and food availability. In a global context, wheat, rice, and maize emerge as the dominant staples.

Wheat: Wheat is predominantly consumed in the Middle East and Central Asia, with Afghanistan leading the way, where it accounts for a substantial 61.5% of daily caloric intake. Turkmenistan closely follows at 50.7% while the Central African Republic 1.55% and DR Congo (1.64%) are the countries where it is consumed the least. Rice: Rice holds primary staple status in Asia and certain parts of Africa. Bangladesh stands out as the most rice-dependent country, with a staggering 66.4% of its caloric intake originating from rice.

Maize: Maize is a predominant staple in East and South Africa, as well as in Mexico and Central America. Malawi leads the world, with maize contributing to 47.9% of daily calorie intake.

Sorghum: The caloric intake of sorghum is predominant in Africa. Especially in South Sudan and Sudan where this commodity contributing to 23% and 20.7% of their caloric intake, respectively.

Millet: Millet takes precedence in Niger, where it constitutes 27.8% of daily caloric intake.

Plantain: Sub-Saharan countries are known for their reliance on plantains, with the Democratic Republic of Congo being a notable example, boasting the highest share of caloric intake attributed to plantains.

Beans: In terms of caloric intake, beans represent less than 15% of intake in all the countries covered by the analysis. In fact, bean contribute more than 10% of caloric intake in only two countries: Burundi (14.7%), and Rwanda (13.5%). In addition, in the top 10 countries for which the values of the caloric intake of beans are the highest we find six African countries (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and Cameroon) and three from Central America (Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua).

Groundnuts: Groundnuts do not constitute a major food in the nutritional structure of any of the countries covered by the analysis. The top 10 countries in terms of the caloric contribution are all African countries. West African countries are particularly represented. In the Gambia, groundnuts represent 7.4% of the diet, followed by Niger, Senegal, Guinea and Nigeria.

Soybeans: The contribution of soybeans to the caloric intake is quite modest. In fact, it only represents 3.5% in Japan, where its contribution is highest. Eight of the top 10 countries in terms of the importance of soybeans are in Asia.

Cassava: Cassava serves as a primary caloric source in several sub-Saharan countries, underlining its significance in local diets.

Yams: Yams represent a relatively low share of caloric intake on a global scale, with limited consumption in comparison to other staples.

Potatoes: Potatoes contribute less than 10% of the caloric intake in every country in the analysis. They are relatively important in Eastern Europe (e.g. Belarus and Ukraine), Central Asia (e.g. Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan), the Andean countries (e.g. Peru and Bolivia), and highland areas of sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Rwanda and Lesotho).

Sweet potatoes: Sweet potatoes represent between 10 and 20% of caloric intake in the Solomon Islands, Burundi and Rwanda. The rest of the top 10 countries are African countries, where the contribution of sweet potatoes to caloric intake ranges between 3% and 9%.

Plantains: Uganda has the highest share of caloric intake coming from plantains, although it's not a common staple in the rest of the world.

Vegetable oil: Spain, Greece, and the United Arab Emirates are top consumers of vegetable oil, significantly contributing to their caloric intake.

Sugar: Sugar is one of the products for which we observe a fairly homogeneous contribution to caloric intake. Indeed, for all countries we observe that it represents less than 20% of caloric intake. Among the 10 countries where sugar makes a relatively high contribution, only Guatemala, Barbados, Kiribati, Gambia, Saint Lucia and Trinidad have an index above 15%.

This map provides a visual representation of the share of the population experiencing moderate to severe food insecurity in various countries. The data indicates that a significant number of countries in Africa exhibit a very high population share experiencing food insecurity. South Asia, Central and South America follow closely in the number of countries with high food insecurity rates.

All 15 staple foods: The national Food Import Vulnerability Index (FIVI) is calculated as the geometric mean of two components: the share of calories from the 15 staple foods that are imported and the share of the population experiencing food insecurity. According to the national FIVI, the countries most vulnerable to higher world prices of staple foods are Yemen (with a score of 84) and Haiti (76), followed by Eswatini, Botswana, and Comoros (all three at 71). In contrast, Argentina, Russia, and Paraguay stand out as the least vulnerable.

Wheat: Yemen remains the most vulnerable country regarding wheat, with an index value of 70, followed by Afghanistan and Djibouti with values of 54. Importance of wheat in Yemen's caloric needs (46%) and its status as a near-net importer explains this ranking.

Rice: The most vulnerable countries regarding rice are Liberia, Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau, with index values of 61, 59, and 59, respectively.

Maize: Due to a high dependence on imports (with a rate of more than 70%) Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and Eswatini are the most vulnerable countries regarding maize price hikes.

Sorghum: South Sudan, Rwanda, and Eswatini represent the most vulnerable countries to sorghum price increases.

Millet: Nineteen countries are marked as vulnerable to millet price increases, with index values ranging from 1.7 to 8.5, reflecting a low caloric share and limited trade for millet.

Beans: In general, we observe low vulnerability in all the countries covered due to the low caloric contribution of the product on the one hand and the low level of dependence on imports on the other. Only two countries qualify as having low vulnerability to higher world prices in beans: El Salvador and Venezuela. No country qualifies as having medium, high, or very high vulnerability.

Groundnuts: Vulnerability to external shocks for this product is relatively low due to low caloric intake and low dependence on imports. Numerous countries in sub-Saharan Africa are not vulnerable to higher groundnut prices because they are exporters. This includes countries in the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and southeastern Africa.

Soybeans: Due to low caloric intake and low dependence on imports, the vulnerability to higher soybean prices is relatively low. The highest FIVI scores are in Timor-Leste, Taiwan, and Thailand, though even these scores are less than 20, placing them in the category of very low vulnerability. China is the largest importer of soybeans in the world, importing more than 80% of its requirements, but its FIVI score is low because soybeans play a minor role in the diet and food insecurity is not widespread.

Yams: Sixteen countries are identified as vulnerable to yam price increases, with small index values ranging from 0.5 to 5.2.

Cassava: Given the small share of cassava in caloric intake, only Rwanda and Laos have FIVI values higher than 20, reflecting lower vulnerability to price shocks for cassava worldwide.

Potatoes: Across the countries covered by the index, there is generally a low vulnerability to higher prices of potatoes. The country most vulnerable is Barbados, for which the FIVI score is just 20. All other countries have very low or negligible vulnerability or they export potatoes.

Sweet potatoes: All countries are have negligible vulnerability in sweet potatoes or export the product. This reflects the fact that sweet potatoes are not widely traded and/or are not an important source of calories. The most vulnerable country is Mauritania, though its FIVI score is just 7.4, indicating negligible vulnerability.

Vegetable oil: Congo, Zimbabwe, and Yemen are identified as the most vulnerable countries despite the relatively small share of caloric intake from vegetable oil in their diets.

Sugar: Four countries are classified as having high vulnerability to spikes in international sugar prices: the Gambia, Yemen, Haiti, and Djibouti. Another 29 countries are considered to have medium vulnerability. African countries affected by medium vulnerability are Libya, Botswana, Namibia, Sudan, South Sudan, Guinea, and Mauritania. In South America, Venezuela and Suriname are in the medium vulnerability category. Finally, in Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria are in the same situation.

Plantains: The number of vulnerable countries to plantain price rises reaches 48, with index values ranging from 0.5 to 15.5, highlighting a low degree of vulnerability.