RESEARCH

If we KNEW what it was we were doing, it would not be called RESEARCH, would it? - Albert Einstein

RESEARCH INTERESTS        Cybersecurity, AI Security, and Blockchain Technology ! 

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS           Total Papers published: 42 (17 Conferences, 12 Journals, 13 Book Chapters)

Conference Papers: 17 (15 @ IEEE, 2 @ Springer) 

 Book Chapters: 13 (9 @ CRC Press, 4 @ IGI Global)

 Total Books: 5 (2 @ CRC Press, 2 @ IGI Global, 1 @ Elsevier)

 Papers Indexed: 34 @ Scopus, 33 @ ScholarGPS, 28 @ Web of Science 

[USCIS EB-1A recipient, 2025 and USCIS EB-2 NIW recipient, 2024]

PUBLICATIONS SUMMARY     [GS]          [RG]        [DBLP]      [ORCID]         [Videos]   

Preprints             [SSRN]        [arXiv]        [Preprints.org]

[PP3]  M. A. Nadeem, B. P. Pokharel, N. Kshetri, A. Shankar, G. Sharma, “AutoGuardX: A Comprehensive Cybersecurity Framework for Connected Vehicles”    [preprint]

[PP2]  D. Chapagain, N. Kshetri, B. P. Pokharel, “AISCliteracy: Assessing Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity Literacy Levels and Learning Needs of Students” (accepted in Springer 5th ICSMDI-2025)     [preprint]

[PP1] N. Kaur, N. Kshetri, P. S. Pandey, “6AInets: Harnessing artificial intelligence for the 6G network security: Impacts & Challenges” (accepted in IEEE ICOECA-2024)     [preprint] 

Conference Publications (17)

[C17] I. Sultana, S. M. Maheen, A. A. Sunna, N. Kshetri, “SmSeLib: Smart & Secure Libraries - Navigating the Intersection of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence”  In 2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Infn. & Comp. Technologies (ICICT)    [DOI]     [preprint]

[C16] A. A. Sunna, T. Sultana, N. Kshetri, M. M. Uddin, “AssessCICA: Accessing and Mitigating Financial Losses from Cyber Attacks with Role of Cyber Insurance in Post-Pandemic Era” In 2025 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Digital Security & Forensics (ISDFS)    [DOI]     [preprint] 

[C15] I. Sultana, S. M. Maheen, N. Kshetri, M. N. F. Zim, “detectGNN: Harnessing Graph Neural Networks for Enhanced Fraud Detection in Credit Card Transactions” In 2025 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Digital Security & Forensics (ISDFS)    [DOI]     [preprint]  

[C14] S. A. Sayeed, N. Kshetri, M. M. Rahman, S. Alam, A. Rahman, “dataLDA: Analyzing Data Quality in Big Data using Traditional Approaches vs. Latent Dirichlet Allocation – Systematic Review” In 2025 IEEE 13th Int. Symposium on Digital Security & Forensics (ISDFS)    [DOI]     [preprint] 

[C13] S. A. Sayeed, M. M. Rahman, S. Alam, N. Kshetri, “FSCsec: Collaboration in Financial Sector Cybersecurity – Exploring the Impact of Resource Sharing on IT Security” In 2025 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Digital Security & Forensics (ISDFS)    [DOI]     [preprint] 

[C12] N. Kshetri, C. S. Bhushal, D. Kumar, D. Chapagain, “SugarChain: BCT meets Agriculture – The case study & analysis of Indian sugarcane farming” In 2024 IEEE 8th International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, & Grid Computing (PDGC) (pp. 7-14). IEEE.    [DOI]     [preprint] 

[C11] S. M. Maheen, I. Sultana, N. Kshetri, M. N. F. Zim, “emoAIsec: Fortifying Real-Time Customer Experience Optimization with Emotion AI and Data Security” In 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning & Autonomous Systems (ICMLAS) (pp. 793-798). IEEE.    [DOI]      [PDF]      [SLIDES]

[C10] D. Chapagain, N. Kshetri, B. Aryal, B. Dhakal, “The Impact of Cloud Computing on Construction Practices in Nepal: A Comprehensive Study” In 2024 IEEE 1st International Conference on Intelligent Signal Processing & Effective Communication Technologies (INSPECT) (pp. 01-06). IEEE.    [DOI]  

[C9] N. Kshetri, I. Sultana, M. M. Rahman, D. Shah, “DefTesPY: Cyber defense model with enhanced data modeling and analysis for Tesla company via Python Language” In 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks & Computer Communications (ETNCC) (pp. 526-532). IEEE.    [DOI]     [PDF]      [SLIDES] 

[C8] D. Chapagain, N. Kshetri, B. Aryal, “Deepfake Disasters: A Comprehensive Review of Technology, Ethical Concerns, Countermeasures, and Societal Implications” In 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks & Computer Communications (ETNCC) (pp. 139-147). IEEE.    [DOI]     [SLIDES]

[C7] N. Kshetri, M. M. Rahman, S. A. Sayeed, I. Sultana (2024). cryptoRAN: A review on cryptojacking and ransomware attacks w.r.t. banking industry - threats, challenges, & problems. In 2024 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Advancement in Computation & Computer Technologies (InCACCT) (pp. 523-528). IEEE.     [DOI]     [PDF]     [SLIDES]

[C6] N. Kshetri, D. Kumar, J. Hutson, N. Kaur, O. F. Osama (2024). algoXSSF: Detection and analysis of cross-site request forgery (XSRF) and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via Machine learning algorithms. In 2024 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.      [DOI]     [PDF]      [SLIDES]

[C5] N. Kshetri, R. Mishra, M. M. Rahman, T. Steigner (2024). HNMblock: Blockchain technology powered Healthcare Network Model for epidemiological monitoring, medical systems security, and wellness. In 2024 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.   [DOI]     [PDF]      [SLIDES]

[C4] N. Kshetri, J. Hutson, G. Revathy (2023). healthAIChain: Improving security and safety using Blockchain Technology applications in AI-based healthcare systems. In 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA) (pp. 159-164). IEEE.     [DOI]     [PDF]    [SLIDES]

[C3] N. Kshetri, Vasudha, D. Hoxha (2023). knowCC: Knowledge, awareness of computer & cyber ethics between CS/non-CS university students. In 2023 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) (pp. 298-304). IEEE.    [DOI]     [PDF]    [SLIDES]

[C2] M. F. Zafar, N. Kshetri, N. Rawat, R. Mishra, P. S. Pandey (2023). Uncovering Deception: A Study on Machine Learning Techniques for Fake News Detection. In: Ranganathan, G., Papakostas, G.A., Rocha, Á. (eds) Inventive Comm & Comp Tech. ICICCT 2023. Lecture Notes in Net & Sys, vol 757. Springer.    [DOI]

[C1] N. Kshetri (2021). Blockchain Technology for Improving Transparency and Citizen’s Trust. In: Arai, K. (eds) Advances in Information and Communication. FICC 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1363. Springer, Cham.    [DOI]

Journal Publications (12)

[J12] R. Mishra, S. K. Jha, N. Kshetri, B. Bhusal, M. M. Rahman, M. M. Rana, A. A. Eli, K. A. Islam, B. P. Pokharel, “nodeWSNsec: A Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach for Reliable Security and Node Deployment in WSNs”, IJACSA, 16 (8), Aug 2025  [DOI]     [PDF] 

[J11] B. P. Pokharel, N. Kshetri, S. R. Sharma, S. Paudel, “blockHealthSecure: Integrating Blockchain and Cybersecurity in Post-Pandemic Healthcare Systems” Information, 2025, 16(2), 133., Feb 2025   [DOI]     [PDF]

[J10] N. Kshetri, M. M. Rahman, M. M. Rana, O. F. Osama, J. Hutson “algoTRIC: Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms for Cryptography - A Comparative Analysis in AI era” IJACSA, Vol. 15, Iss. 12, pp. 1-14, Dec 2024   [DOI]     [PDF] 

[J9] M. M. Rahman, B. P. Pokharel, S. A. Sayeed, S. K. Bhowmick, N. Kshetri, N. Eashrak, “riskAIchain: AI-Driven IT Infrastructure - Blockchain-Backed Approach for Enhanced Risk Management” Risks, 12 (12), 206., Dec 2024   [DOI]     [PDF]

[J8] M. M. Rahman, N. Kshetri, S. A. Sayeed, M. M. Rana, “AssessITS: Integrating procedural guidelines and practical evaluation metrics for organizational IT and Cybersecurity risk assessment” Journal of Information Security, Vol. 15, No. 4, 564-588, Oct 2024  [DOI]     [PDF]

[J7] N. Kshetri, K. Miller, G. Banerjee, B. Upreti “FinChain: Adaptation of Blockchain Technology in Finance and Business - An Ethical Analysis of Applications, Challenges, Issues, and Solutions” International Journal of Emerging & Disruptive Innovation in Education (ETFE-2023, iJEDIE), April 2023   [DOI]     [PDF]

[J6] J. Hutson, N. Kshetri, G. Banerjee, K. Odenwald, J. Ratican “Architecting the Metaverse: Blockchain and the Financial and Legal Regulatory Challenges of Virtual Real Estate” Journal of Intelligent Learning Systems and Applications (JILSA), 2023, Volume: 15, No.: 1, Pages: 01-23, Scientific Research Publishing, Feb 2023   [DOI]     [PDF]

[J5] N. Kshetri, C. S. Bhushal, P. S. Pandey, Vasudha, “BCT-CS: Blockchain Technology Applications for Cyber Defense and Cybersecurity: A Survey and Solutions” IJACSA, Vol. 13, No.11, pp. 364-370, Dec 2022   [DOI]     [PDF]

[J4] N. Kshetri and K.W. Miller, “The rise in Autonomous Technology, Autonomous Weapons Systems, and Robot Weaponry: Enhancing Security or Increasing Threats? An Ethical Analysis” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Impact Factor: 7.2, Volume: 09, Issue: 10, Page: 823-832, e-ISSN: 2395-0056, Oct 2022    [PDF] 

[J3] N. Kshetri, A. Sharma, “A review and analysis of online crime in pre & post COVID scenario with respective counter measures and security strategies, Journal of Engineering, Computing & Architecture (JECA), Impact Factor: 6.1, ISSN: 1934-7197, Volume XI, Issue XII, DOI: 17.0002.JECA.2021.V11I12.200786.7902, Pages: 13-33, Dec 2021    [PDF]

[J2] N. Kshetri, “A Survey of Computer Ethics (w.r.t. Artificial Intelligence, Robot Weaponry, Fuzzy Systems, Autonomous Vehicles)” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume – 10, Issue – 4, Feb 2021    [DOI]     [PDF] 

[J1] N. Kshetri and K.W. Miller, “A Study of Cyber-Defense Ethics & Initiatives by Governments of Under Developing Nations: A Study of Selected Countries” International Journal of Analytical and Experimental Modal Analysis (IJAEMA), Impact Factor: 6.3, ISSN: 0886-9367, Volume XIII, Issue I, DOI: 18.0002.IJAEMA.2021.V13I1.200001.015685901966, Jan 2021   [PDF]  

Books (5)

[B5] R. Seth, S. Iyer, Y. Maleh, N. Kshetri, C. Parekha, “Next-Generation VAPT: Combining OSINT and AI-ML for Enhanced Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing”, Elsevier, 2025  [Proposal Accepted]     [CforBC]

[B4] G. Revathy, A. K. Natarajan, N. Kshetri, “Fusion of Multimodal Generative AI and Blockchain Technology in Digital Media”, IGI Global, Aug 2025  [DOI]

[B3] G. Revathy, A. K. Natarajan, N. Kshetri, “Securing AI-Generated Media with Blockchain Technologies”, IGI Global, Aug 2025  [DOI]      [GOOGLE BOOKS]     [AMAZON] 

[B2] V. Subramaniyaswamy, N. Kshetri, G. Revathy, L. Ravi, N. Thillaiarasu, “Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology for Smart and Sustainable Cities” Book Series: Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence (Series Editor: Dr. Subhendu Kumar Pani), CRC Press, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, May 2025     [DOI]       [ROUTLEDGE]     [GOOGLE BOOKS]       [AMAZON] 

[B1] N. Kshetri, P. S. Pandey, M. Ahmed, “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications” Book Series: Future Generation Information Systems (Series Editor: Dr. Bharat Bhushan), CRC Press, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, Jan 2025    [DOI]      [ROUTLEDGE]      [GOOGLE BOOKS]      [AMAZON] 

Book Chapters (13)

[BC13] S. R. Sharma, N. Kshetri, S. R. Paudel, B. P. Pokharel, “TrustChain: AI-Powered Fact-Checking Systems Secured by Blockchain Technology” In Book “Securing AI-Generated Media with Blockchain Technologies”, IGI Global, Aug 2025    [DOI]

[BC12] B. P. Pokharel, N. Kshetri, S. R. Sharma, S. R. Paudel, S. Baral, “blockAuth: A Blockchain-Driven Framework for Verifiable Content Creation & Secure Distribution in the GAI Era” In Book “Securing AI-Generated Media with Blockchain Technologies”, IGI Global, Aug 2025    [DOI]

[BC11] N. Kshetri, B. P. Pokharel, M. M. Rahman, R. Mishra, J. Hutson, “secureMetaEnd: Endpoint Security in the Metaverse – Securing Devices and Applications” In Book “Defending the Metaverse - Cybersecurity Strategies for the Next Generation Internet”, CRC Press, June 2025    [DOI] 

[BC10] B. P. Pokharel, N. Kshetri, “smartVAST: Vulnerability, Attacks, Security, and Threats on Smart Cities with impact and ability in Blockchain Technology”, In Book “Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology for Smart and Sustainable Cities”, CRC Press, May 2025    [DOI] 

[BC9] M. M. Rahman, S. Hossain, B. Bhusal, N. Kshetri, “Cyber AI Trends: Future Trends in AI for Cyberbullying Prevention”, In Book “Combating Cyberbullying with Generative AI”, IGI Global, pages: 279-298, Feb 2025    [DOI] 

[BC8] O. F. Osama, B. Bhusal, N. Kshetri, “blockDADS: Blockchain Technology for Data Analytics and Data Security – Applications and Solutions”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025      [DOI] 

[BC7] M. M. Rahman, S. A. Sayeed, N. Kshetri, “ISNDchain: Blockchain Technology based secure Information systems and National Defense”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025   [DOI]

[BC6] S. R. Sharma, N. Kshetri, S. R. Paudel, “SHSBchain: Blockchain Technology solutions for Smart Homes and Smart Business”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025    [DOI]

[BC5] D. Chapagain, N. Kshetri, V. K. Sihag, “webCyberBlock: Cybersecurity & Cyber Ethics via Blockchain Technology - Need for web security, software practices, and end-user cyber education”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025   [DOI]

[BC4] S. R. Sharma, N. Kshetri, “BCT4C4: Blockchain Technology for Cyber Security, Cyber Data, Cyber Communication in today’s Cyber World”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, & Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025     [DOI]

[BC3] N. Kaur, N. Kshetri, “Blockchain Technology: Aiding Transformation in Healthcare & Medical Industry”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025   [DOI]

[BC2] R. Mishra, N. Kshetri, S. K. Jha, “Leveraging Blockchain Technology for making Secure IoT Networks”, In Book “Blockchain Technology for Cyber Defense, Cybersecurity, and Countermeasures: Techniques, Solutions, and Applications”, CRC Press, Jan 2025  [DOI]

[BC1] J. Hutson, N. Kshetri, K. Coble, A. Smith, “Exploring the Intersection of Digital Marketing and Retail: Challenges and Opportunities in AI, Privacy and Consumer Experience”, In Book “Confronting Security and Privacy Challenges in Digital Marketing”, pages: 50-72, IGI Global, 2023   [DOI]

Posters

[P3] N. Kshetri, M. M. Rahman, S. A. Sayeed, I. Sultana, “cryptoRAN: A review on cryptojacking and ransomware attacks w.r.t. banking industry - threats, challenges, & problems”, 21st Annual CGRS-2024, Topeka, KS, 21 Mar 2024, Thursday  [poster-3]

[P2] N. Kshetri, D. Hoxha, V. Dwivedi “Knowledge and awareness of computer and cyber ethics between CS and non-CS university students: A case study” Faculty Scholarship Showcase (LARC Lobby, Lindenwood University), 13 April 2023, Thursday  [poster-2]

[P1] N. Kshetri, “A CNN model to identify country name after looking the flag picture” Final Exam / Poster presentation (Social Science Business 218, UMSL 2019 Spring semester), 14 May 2019, CS5390: Deep Learning (2019)  [poster-1]

Thesis and Dissertation

[TD2] N. Kshetri (2022). “The global rise of Online devices, Cyber crime and Cyber defense: Enhancing ethical actions, counter measures, cyber strategy, and approaches”, Doctoral Dissertation (PhD in CS), Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri - St. Louis, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33257.57446, St. Louis USA   [pdf] 

[TD1] N. Kshetri (2017). “Cyber Threat & Counterintelligence in Nepal”, MS Thesis (Cybersecurity), Dept. of Math and Computer Science, Webster University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Research Grants and Funded Projects

[G2] N. Kshetri, "XSRF & XSS Detection & Analysis", Faculty Research & Creativity Committee GA Grant 2023, Emporia State University (as PI)

[G1] N. Kshetri, "Cyber Ethics Knowledge & Awareness", Teaching Excellence and Innovation Grant 2022, Lindenwood University (as PI)   

[Book 6: () CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: ] - COMING SOON

[Book 5: (Elsevier, Next Generation VAPT ... ) CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: 5 May 2025] - CLOSED

[Book 4: (IGI Global, Fusion of ... ) CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: 19 Jan 2025] - CLOSED

[Book 3: (IGI Global, Securing AI ... ) CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: 19 Jan 2025] - CLOSED, BOOK PUBLISHED

[Book 2: (CRC Press, Deep Learning ... Cities) CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: 20 Feb 2024] - CLOSED, BOOK PUBLISHED 

[Book 1: (CRC Press, Blockchain ... Applications) CALL FOR BOOK CHAPTERS, Proposal Due: 10 Sep 2023] - CLOSED, BOOK PUBLISHED 

SPECIAL TOPICS - Undergraduate Research at LU, Fall 2023 - CLOSED  

SPECIAL TOPICS - Undergraduate Research at LU, Spring 2023 - CLOSED 

Research Assistant POSITION - Student Employee at LU, Spring 2023 - CLOSED