Main purpose: High-resolution surface morphology and roughness analysis

Applications: SECCM,  EC-AFM, nanostructure characterization, electrode surface analysis 

Main purpose: Electrochemical control and analysis using standard voltammetric, amperometric, and impedance-based techniques 

Applications: Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrode kinetics analysis, sensor evaluation, and electrocatalytic reaction studies    

Main purpose: Precise control of electrode potential and measurement of low electrochemical currents 

Applications: Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, electrocatalysis, electrode surface characterization, and rotating disk/ring-disk electrode measurements   

Main purpose: Multichannel electrochemical measurements using multiple working electrodes or independent electrochemical cells   

Applications: Simultaneous voltammetric and amperometric measurements, screen-printed electrode analysis, sensor-array testing, and parallel electrochemical experiments   

Main purpose: Real-time detection of volatile electrochemical reaction products 

Applications: Electrocatalysis, gas evolution reactions, product analysis during CV/CA measurements  

Main purpose: Low-noise measurement of very small ionic currents from nanopores, membranes, or electrochemical micro/nano-systems  

Applications: Solid-state nanopore sensing, ion-channel current recording, single-molecule translocation measurements, membrane current measurements, and low-current electrochemical detection    

Main purpose: Formation of uniform thin films on solid substrates by controlled spinning  

Applications: Polymer coating, nanoparticle-film deposition, electrode modification, photoresist coating, and preparation of thin functional layers for electrochemical devices  

Main purpose: Stable voltage and current supply for electrical and electrochemical experimental setups  

Applications: Electrochemical cell operation, electrodeposition, electrolysis, voltage-bias experiments, sensor/device testing, and basic electrical characterization

Main purpose: Low-level current sourcing and high-resistance/electrical insulation measurements 

Applications: Conductivity measurements, resistance characterization of thin films, leakage-current analysis, dielectric testing, and nanomaterial/electrode-device evaluation