Muscles Of Lower Limb Ppt Free Free Download

Background and purpose: Activity of the trunk muscles is essential for maintaining stability of the lumbar spine because of the unstable structure of that portion of the spine. A model involving evaluation of the response of the lumbar multifidus and abdominal muscles to leg movement was developed to evaluate this function.

Methods: Fine-wire and surface electromyography electrodes were used to record the activity of selected trunk muscles and the prime movers for hip flexion, abduction, and extension during hip movements in each of those directions.

Muscles Of Lower Limb Ppt Free Download

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Results: Trunk muscle activity occurring prior to activity of the prime mover of the limb was associated with hip movement in each direction. The transversus abdominis (TrA) muscle was invariably the first muscle that was active. Although reaction time for the TrA and oblique abdominal muscles was consistent across movement directions, reaction time for the rectus abdominis and multifidus muscles varied with the direction of limb movement.

Conclusion and discussion: Results suggest that the central nervous system deals with stabilization of the spine by contraction of the abdominal and multifidus muscles in anticipation of reactive forces produced by limb movement. The TrA and oblique abdominal muscles appear to contribute to a function not related to the direction of these forces.

The muscles that move the thigh have their origins on some part of the pelvic girdle and their insertions on the femur. The largest muscle mass belongs to the posterior group, the gluteal muscles, which, as a group, adduct the thigh. The iliopsoas, an anterior muscle, flexes the thigh. The muscles in the medial compartment adduct the thigh. The illustration below shows some of the muscles of the lower extremity.

The muscles located in the leg that move the ankle and foot are divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments. The tibialis anterior, which dorsiflexes the foot, is antagonistic to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which plantar flex the foot.

Methods: Seventeen males were randomly assigned to a full squat training group (FST, n = 8) or half squat training group (HST, n = 9). They completed 10 weeks (2 days per week) of squat training. The muscle volumes (by magnetic resonance imaging) of the knee extensor, hamstring, adductor, and gluteus maximus muscles and the one repetition maximum (1RM) of full and half squats were measured before and after training.

Results: The relative increase in 1RM of full squat was significantly greater in FST (31.8 14.9%) than in HST (11.3 8.6%) (p = 0.003), whereas there was no difference in the relative increase in 1RM of half squat between FST (24.2 7.1%) and HST (32.0 12.1%) (p = 0.132). The volumes of knee extensor muscles significantly increased by 4.9 2.6% in FST (p < 0.001) and 4.6 3.1% in HST (p = 0.003), whereas that of rectus femoris and hamstring muscles did not change in either group. The volumes of adductor and gluteus maximus muscles significantly increased in FST (6.2 2.6% and 6.7 3.5%) and HST (2.7 3.1% and 2.2 2.6%). In addition, relative increases in adductor (p = 0.026) and gluteus maximus (p = 0.008) muscle volumes were significantly greater in FST than in HST.

Each hip bone has three parts (ilium, ischium, pubis) and accepts the head of the femur to form the hip joint. This ball-and-socket joint is responsible for providing the lower extremity with an extensive degree of movement.

Several hip muscles act on the hip joint, causing the thigh, and hence the lower extremity, to move. They are divided into anterior and posterior muscle groups. The latter is further divided into superficial and deep subgroups. The anterior muscle group includes iliacus, psoas major and psoas minor. The posterior superficial muscles are the three gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus), and the tensor fascia latae. In turn, the posterior deep muscles are the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris.

The muscles of the thigh can be divided into three groups: anterior, medial, and posterior. The anterior group occupies the anterior compartment situated at the front of the thigh, and includes the sartorius and quadriceps femoris. The latter is, in fact, one large muscle composed of four smaller ones called rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.

The medial group occupies, you guessed it, the medial compartment of the thigh. It includes the pectineus, adductor magnus, adductor minimus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis. These muscles are also called the adductors of the thigh.

The posterior muscle group is the smallest group, occupying the posterior compartment of the thigh. It contains the three hamstring muscles called the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris.

The neurovasculature of the thigh is a direct continuation of the one from the hip. The arterial supply comes from the femoral artery and its branches. The main vein draining the thigh, and actually the entire lower limb, is the femoral vein. It is part of the deep venous system, drains into the external iliac vein, and is a direct continuation of the popliteal vein. The femoral vein also receives deoxygenated blood from the circumflex veins, the long saphenous vein, and the deep vein of the thigh. Innervation is provided by two major nerves and their branches: femoral and sciatic nerves. They originate from the lumbar and sacral plexuses, respectively.

The knee joint is a hinged joint capable of mainly flexion and extension, but also a small degree of rotation. These movements are performed with the help of several muscles of the thigh and leg. The knee extensors are the four muscles forming the quadriceps femoris, while the flexors include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius, popliteus, and gastrocnemius.

Like any structure in the human body, the knee also requires a neurovasculature supply. The arteries supplying it are the six genicular arteries which wrap around the knee. Together with other arteries of the lower extremity, they form the genicular anastomosis. They originate from the popliteal artery, the direct continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee. The main vein of the knee is the popliteal vein. It collects blood transported by all the veins of the leg and empties into the femoral vein. The main nerves supplying the knee joint are the genicular nerves, which stem from the tibial and common peroneal/fibular nerves, the main branches of the sciatic nerve of the thigh. In addition, the knee is also supplied by the articular branch of the obturator nerve and the muscular branches of the femoral nerve.

As you can see, knee anatomy is quite an intricate topic!

The posterior compartment consists of seven muscles in total, divided into superficial and deep groups. The superficial muscles are the gastrocnemius, soleus (together forming the triceps surae), and plantaris; while the deep layer consists of the popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

The main arteries supplying the leg with oxygenated blood are the anterior and posterior tibial arteries together with their branches. The posterior tibial artery gives off a crucial branch called the fibular/peroneal artery which mainly supplies the muscles of the leg. The tibial arteries originate from the popliteal artery. When it comes to important veins of the leg; the small/short, and the great/long, saphenous veins provide the superficial drainage. The former opens into the femoral vein, while the latter into the popliteal vein. The deep veins of the leg are named fibular and tibial, with the tibial also finishing in the popliteal vein.

Several muscles attach to the previously named foot bones. They are divided into four groups: central, lateral, medial, and dorsal. The first three groups are collectively called the plantar muscles of the foot because they are located on the plantar aspect.

The central group of muscles is located within the central compartment of the foot. They are arranged into several layers. These muscles are called; flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, plantar interossei, and dorsal interossei.

Moving more laterally, but still on the plantar side of the foot, we meet the muscles of the lateral compartment: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi.

The medial group of muscles are also three in number and they are called abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis. Note that adductor hallucis is anatomically located in the central compartment of foot, but it is functionally classified as a medial plantar muscle due to its actions on the great toe (hallux).

In order to properly round up the study process of the lower extremity anatomy, we have designed a quiz that specially aims at the bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vessels of this region. Take this quiz and reinforce your knowledge about the lower limb anatomy!

The hamstring muscle complex occupies the posterior compartment of the thigh and is comprised of three individual muscles. Together, they play a critical role in human activities ranging from standing to explosive actions such as sprinting and jumping. Hamstring injuries are common in elite and amateur sportspeople, and the treatment of such injuries ranges from conservative management to operative fixation. Uninjured hamstring tendons can be used as autografts in knee ligament reconstruction surgery. 006ab0faaa