Design and Methodology

1. Hardware

• Arduino board, joystick, passive buzzer, LED, breadboard wiring diagram

2. Arduino Code

• Data Structures: Custom-built melody[] and durations[] arrays transcribed from flute sheet music.

• Frequency Engine: Use of the tone() function and the logarithmic MIDI-to-Hz formula.

3. User Interface Logic

• State-machine logic using a playing boolean to toggle the instrument on/off.

• Real-time mapping of analog input to melodic speed (80ms - 300ms delay range)

/* * Project: Super Mario Bros. (Bars 1-10)

* Hardware: Passive Buzzer (Pin 8), Red LED (Pin 9)

* Joystick: X-Pitch (A0), Y-Tempo (A1), BTN-Toggle (Pin 2)

*/

// MIDI Notes from your Sheet Music (0 = Rest)

int melody[] = {

 // Bars 1-4 (Intro)

 76, 76, 0, 76, 0, 72, 76, 0, 79, 0, 67, 0,

 // Bars 5-7 (Main Theme Start)

 72, 0, 67, 0, 64, 0, 69, 71, 70, 69,

 // Bars 8-10 (The "Jump" and Triplets)

 67, 76, 79, 81, 77, 79, 76, 0, 72, 74, 71

};

// Durations based on sheet music notation

float durations[] = {

 // Bars 1-4

 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

 // Bars 5-7

 1.0, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5,

 // Bars 8-10

 0.66, 0.66, 0.66, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0

};

int noteIndex = 0;

const int totalNotes = 33; // Exact count for Bars 1-10

// Hardware Pins

const int buzzerPin = 8;

const int ledPin    = 9;

const int joyX      = A0;

const int joyY      = A1;

const int btnPin    = 2;

bool playing = false;

bool lastBtnState = HIGH;

void setup() {

 Serial.begin(115200);

 pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);

 pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

 pinMode(btnPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

}

void loop() {

 // 1. Button Logic

 bool currentBtnState = digitalRead(btnPin);

 if (currentBtnState == LOW && lastBtnState == HIGH) {

   playing = !playing;

   delay(150);

 }

 lastBtnState = currentBtnState;

 if (playing) {

   // 2. Joystick Control

   int xVal = analogRead(joyX);

   int yVal = analogRead(joyY);

   // Map X to Pitch Shift (Center is 0)

   int pitchShift = map(xVal, 0, 1023, -12, 12);

   // Map Y to Tempo (Mario at 100bpm is roughly 150-500ms range)

   int tempo = map(yVal, 0, 1023, 80, 300);

   int currentMIDI = melody[noteIndex];

   if (currentMIDI != 0) {

     float freq = 440.0 * pow(2.0, ((currentMIDI + pitchShift) - 69) / 12.0);

     digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

     tone(buzzerPin, (int)freq);

     Serial.print("Mario Note: "); Serial.println(currentMIDI + pitchShift);

     delay(120); // The "snap" of the note

     noTone(buzzerPin);

     digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

   }

   // 3. Rhythm Delay

   delay(tempo * durations[noteIndex]);

   // 4. Loop Logic

   noteIndex++;

   if (noteIndex >= totalNotes) {

     noteIndex = 0;

     delay(1000); // 1 second pause before repeating the loop

   }

 } else {

   noTone(buzzerPin);

   digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

 }

}