Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections

Essential Question

To what extent did societies experience changes as a result of their interactions with Europe?

Objective Questions

1. Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in Maritime empires from 1450 to 1750.

   1. Religiously

   2. Economically

   3. Politically

2. Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems of Maritime empires during the period from 1450 to 1750.

   1. To what extent did politics affect religious change

   2. To what extent did trade affect religious change

   3. Explain changes in belief that weren't religious

3. Compare the methods by which various Maritime empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.

   1. Religious influence

   2. Political Influence

   3. Economic Influence

Key Terms and Concepts

1. Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750

   1. Innovations in ship design

      1. Caravel 

      2. Carrack

      3. Fluyt

   2. European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds

      1. Lateen sail

      2. Compass

      3. Astronomical charts

2. Columbian Exchange

   1. Domesticated animals

      1. Horses

      2. Pigs

      3. Cattle

   2. Foods brought by African slaves

      1. Okra

      2. Rice

3. Maritime Empires Established

   1. Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies

      1. Ming China

      2. Tokugawa-Japan

   2. Indian Ocean Asian merchants

      1. Swahili Arabs

      2. Omanis

      3. Gujaratis

      4. Javanese

4. Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

   1. Competition over trade routes

      1. Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

      2. Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

   2. Increased peasant and artisan labor

      1. Western Europe -- wool and linen

      2. India -- cotton

      3. China -- silk

5. Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750

   1. Local resistance

      1. Pueblo revolts

      2. Fronde

      3. Cossack revolts

      4. Maratha conflict with Mughals

      5. Ana Nzinga's resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)

      6. Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

   2. Slave resistance 

      1. The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil

      2. North American slave resistance

6. Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750

   1. Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy

      1. Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire

      2. Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

      3. Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

   2. Existing elites

      1. Ottoman timars

      2. Russian boyars

      3. European nobility