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This study deals primarily with the stability of the base of the spine. The sacroiliac joints are vulnerable to shear loading on account of their predominantly flat surfaces. This raises the question of what mechanisms are brought into action to prevent dislocation of the sacroiliac joints when they are loaded by the weight of the upper part of the body and by trunk muscle forces. First a model is introduced to compare load transfer in joints with spherical and with flat joint surfaces. Next we consider a biomechanical model for the equilibrium of the sacrum under load, describing a self-bracing effect that protects the sacroiliac joints against shear according to 'the sacroiliac joint compression theory', which has been demonstrated in vitro. The model shows joint stability by the application of bending moments and the configuration of the pelvic arch. The model includes a large number of muscles (e.g. the gluteus maximus and piriformis muscles), ligaments (e.g. the sacrotuberous, sacrospinal, and dorsal and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments) as well as the coarse texture and the ridges and grooves of the joint surfaces.
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A coordinated, multidisciplinary approach to care is essential for optimum management of the primary manifestations and secondary complications of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Contemporary care has been shaped by the availability of more sensitive diagnostic techniques and the earlier use of therapeutic interventions, which have the potential to improve patients' duration and quality of life. In part 2 of this update of the DMD care considerations, we present the latest recommendations for respiratory, cardiac, bone health and osteoporosis, and orthopaedic and surgical management for boys and men with DMD. Additionally, we provide guidance on cardiac management for female carriers of a disease-causing mutation. The new care considerations acknowledge the effects of long-term glucocorticoid use on the natural history of DMD, and the need for care guidance across the lifespan as patients live longer. The management of DMD looks set to change substantially as new genetic and molecular therapies become available.
After all, Villard and University halls are not quite 150 years old. Uncounted Ducks have passed under their Second Empire-style facades since the buildings first opened their doors in the late 1800s.
The two buildings also will be safer. Both are unreinforced masonry construction, a type that can be particularly vulnerable in an earthquake. The seismic upgrade will include new interior concrete walls that will act like a building within a building, supporting the structure if the earth moves beneath it.
The buildings have an exterior coating that helps give them their distinctive look. On University hall it also protects the underlying brickwork, while on Villard it shapes the faade and is integral to the building.
While both buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places as National Historic Landmarks, only the exteriors are considered historic. Other than University Hall stairways, not much is left to be preserved inside.
Inside, the two halls have been stripped to bare timbers and brick. Massive beams of old-growth fir, rough sawn more than a century and a half ago, soar into cavernous open spaces. Some of the joinery was sawn by hand, and the beams are still a perfect fit.
The work also has opened up interior walls, revealing old brick archways in University Hall that were covered up by later remodels. The bricks will need to be repaired and covered up again, but archways will be preserved.
Touring the gutted buildings is like a trip back in time, a chance to see how an earlier generation built to stand the test of time. It was a revelation even for those doing the work, given they knew little about what they would find once they stripped away overlapping layers of previous remodels and got into the bones.
In addition to the seismic upgrades and modern classroom technology, the updates will bring completely new HVAC, plumbing, electrical and network systems; elevators and accessibility improvements; student hearths, lounges and gathering spaces; modern faculty offices and faculty commons; and better entrances and a new exterior courtyard.
It also will provide refreshed backstage spaces for the Robinson Theatre, which was built onto the east facade of Villard Hall in 1949. Villard will see a newly configured Pocket Playhouse, a student-run theater, updating the one that was initially constructed in the 1949 addition. Other spaces that will be updated and refreshed include dressing rooms and restrooms; set, costume and furniture storage; and theater and cinema study class labs, including acting space, a screening room and sound stage. The connection where Villard is joined to the Robinson Theatre also will get a seismic joint upgrade.
Right now, though, the buildings are something of a blank canvas, 19th century shells awaiting a 21st century coat of strong walls, new woodwork, soft carpet and all the benefits of technology. And, with luck, another 150 years of service.
The ear has three main parts. These parts include the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. Each section is made up of structures that play clear roles in the process of changing sound waves into signals that go to the brain.
The outer ear is made up of the part of the ear that you can see, called the pinna, and the ear canal. The cup-shaped pinna (PIN-uh) picks up sound waves from the environment and sends them into the ear canal.
The middle ear connects to the back of the nose and upper part of the throat by a narrow channel called the auditory tube, also called the eustachian tube. The tube opens and closes at the throat end to keep the pressure the same in the middle ear and in the environment and drain fluids. Equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum is important for the typical vibration of the eardrum.
The vibration of the eardrum starts a chain of vibrations through the bones. Because of differences in the size, shape and position of the three bones, the force of the vibration goes up by the time it gets to the inner ear. This rise in force is needed to transfer the energy of the sound wave to the fluid of the inner ear.
The inner ear contains a group of interconnected, fluid-filled chambers. The snail-shaped chamber, called the cochlea (KOK-lee-uh), plays a role in hearing. Sound vibrations from the bones of the middle ear transfer to the fluids of the cochlea. Tiny sensors lining the cochlea, called hair cells, change the vibrations into electrical impulses that are sent along the auditory nerve to the brain. This is where the damage and hearing loss first happen that's due to age, noise exposure or medicine.
The other fluid-filled chambers of the inner ear include three tubes called the semicircular canals, called the vestibular labyrinth. Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect the motion of the fluid when you move in any direction. They change the motion into electrical signals that are sent along the vestibular nerve to the brain. This sensory information allows you to keep your sense of balance.
Electrical impulses travel along the auditory nerve and pass through many information-processing centers. Signals from the right ear travel to the auditory cortex, which is in the temporal lobe on the brain's left side. Signals from the left ear travel to the right auditory cortex.
The auditory cortices sort, process, interpret and file information about the sound. The comparison and analysis of all the signals that reach the brain allow you to detect certain sounds and suppress other sounds as background noise.
Bones also protect the body's organs. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of the face. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart and lungs, and the pelvis helps protect the bladder, part of the intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs.
Bones are made up of a framework of a protein called collagen, with a mineral called calcium phosphate that makes the framework hard and strong. Bones store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. The amounts of some vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium, directly affect how much calcium is stored in the bones.
In this soft bone is where most of the body's blood cells are made. The bone marrow contains stem cells, which produce the body's red blood cells and platelets, and some types of white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues, and platelets help with blood clotting when someone has a cut or wound. White blood cells help the body fight infection.
Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments (LIG-uh-mentz). Cartilage (KAR-tul-ij), a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other.
The bones of kids and young teens are smaller than those of adults and contain "growing zones" called growth plates. These plates consist of multiplying cartilage cells that grow in length, and then change into hard, mineralized bone. These growth plates are easy to spot on an X-ray. Because girls mature at an earlier age than boys, their growth plates change into hard bone at an earlier age.
Even when we sit perfectly still, muscles throughout the body are constantly moving. Muscles help the heart beat, the chest rise and fall during breathing, and blood vessels regulate the pressure and flow of blood. When we smile and talk, muscles help us communicate, and when we exercise, they help us stay physically fit and healthy. 152ee80cbc
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