Introduction to Wireless Sensor Nodes
Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location. WSNs measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
More about Wireless Sensor Nodes
These are similar to wireless ad hoc networks in the sense that they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of networks so that sensor data can be transported wirelessly. WSNs are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are consist of tens, hundreds or even thousands of self-directed sensors which are embedded in an environment wirelessly at a distance from each other to communicate with each other, and their task is discovering and aggregation of environmental information and transmitting it to a monitoring centre. Continuous movement of sensor nodes and their limited battery power causes routing problems for these types of networks. Thus, providing a reliable and secure protocol in wireless sensor networks seems crucial.
A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.
Practical Implementations and Applications
Today, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) are used at various places in the form of alarm detectors and sensors. Numbers of clustering algorithms have been developed to improve the energy balance of the WSN's because energy is the main aspect of WSN's during data transmission. These algorithms are mainly used for increasing the lifetime of these sensor networks. One such basic algorithm is LEACH. It is also seen that PSO based algorithms give the best results in this perspective.
They are used in geo-sensing applications, assessing the pollution levels in the atmosphere and area monitoring purposes.
Abstract/Proposal for this Project
In this article we propose a method to solve the problem of routing in wireless sensor networks (WSN) by requiring minimum energy consumption between nodes in the network and forming clusters to minimize node transfers.
We have used multiple objectives based on different parameters to solve for optimality of the solution. Parameters such as temperature, minimal clustering, routing path distance and energy efficiency have been taken into account to solve multi-objective problem as stated above.
An energy efficient network means that the network will have minimal energy transmission between nodes and thus temperature of the nodes will be minimal. This enhances the longevity of the nodes present in the network.
Our main emphasis in this paper is on utilizing artificial intelligence techniques such as clustering and Multiple Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for finding a safe and efficient routing in wireless sensor networks.
The dispersed sensors are placed in a large area and mainly help in monitoring, detecting and recording the physical or the environmental conditions of that particular place. These physical conditions mainly include temperature, sound, wind, etc. It is described as collection of nodes that are placed randomly in sensor field. These nodes are connected to each other through a wireless channel such that the data transmission can take place between them. Energy efficient algorithms are required as the sensor nodes are battery operated. This is mainly required because of several reasons which are no human intervention, inaccessible remote areas, no recharging facility, etc. Data transmission is not possible over the network, whenever node is energy deficient. Clustering is one such technique which is used to enhance the lifetime of these nodes. Hierarchical routing protocol divides the network in to clusters with one cluster head and member nodes. The CH nodes collect the data from remaining nodes in the cluster and then send the data to a Base Station (BS). But this is possible only till the network is alive. Network life time is directly related to the battery. Therefore, major concern in WSN is to save node energy. Energy is required in formation of clusters as well as in selection of CHs. CHs depletes their energy in receiving the data from sensor nodes, in data aggregation and in transmission of data to the sink. Therefore, CHs must be energy efficient nodes because of the transmission and reception responsibility. If CH nodes die quickly the respective cluster disconnected from the network and important events may be missed out. In this research, we have focused on achieving energy efficiency through optimal selection of cluster head.
Software Required (Any 1 will do)
MATLAB
GNU OCTAVE