The rise of Genghis Khan involves the events from his birth as Temjin in 1162 until 1206, when he was bestowed the title of "Genghis Khan" (sometimes "Chingis Khan"), which means something along the lines of "Universal Ruler" or "Oceanic Ruler" by the Quriltai, which was an assembly of Mongol Chieftains.
The Mongols first appeared in the dynastic history of the Tang dynasty and were described as a branch of the Shiwei, who were vassals of the Gktrks from 553 to 745. The Shiwei lived in the Lesser Khingan Range until the 10th century when the Mongol component moved to the Argun River and became vassals of the Khitans. The Mongols continued moving west until they reached the Onon River and Kherlen River in the 11th century.[1]
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Alternatively according to Mongol mythology, they were descended from a blue-grey wolf birthed by Heaven, and a fallow doe. Together they crossed a lake to reach Burkhan Khaldun where they gave birth to a human male. This human male, named Bat Tsagan, was the ancestor of all Mongols. In the 11th generation of Bat Tsagan's lineage, Dobun Mergen married a young woman named Alan Gho'a of the Khorilar. After Dobun Mergen died, Alan Gho'a gave birth to Bodonchar Munkhag, who founded the Borjigin clan.[2]
Bodonchar's great-great-grandson Kaidu was born sometime during the 11th century and was the first khagan who "ruled all the Mongols".[3] His grandson Khabul Khan was invited to the Jin court at one point and in a drunken outburst, tweaked the Jin emperor's beard. The emperor initially decided to let Khabul go unpunished but changed his mind and ordered his officials to have Khabul captured. The Jin pursuers were ambushed and killed, and Kaidu died shortly after, depriving the Jin any chance of revenge.
From 1135 to 1147, the Mongols continuously raided Jin borders. The Jin retaliated and allied with the Tatars, who captured the new Mongol khan, Ambaghai of the Taichiud, under the pretense of making peace and handed him over to the Jin court. Before he was captured, Ambaghai managed to send a messenger back to his kinsmen, urging them to fight the Tatars to the death.[4] Ambaghai was nailed to a wooden donkey and left to die. Around the time of Ambaghai's capture in the 1150s or 1160s, Khabul's grandson Yesugei abducted a Khongirad woman as his bride from the Merkits. He participated in a series of raids launched by Hotula Khan against the Tatars. Upon his return from one of these attacks, his wife gave birth to Temjin, who would become Genghis Khan.[5]
The Mengda Beilu records that the Mongols developed a profound hatred of the Jin because of massacres and atrocities that they committed in the late twelfth century. Whether these stories were real memories or a form of propaganda being used against the Jin is difficult to ascertain. Chinggis Khan certainly tried to unite other tribes to his cause by evoking their shared hatred of the Jin. On meeting the Khitan prince, Yel Chucai, for instance, Chinggis Khan claimed that his war against the Jin was vengeance for their actions against the Khitan people.[6]
The year of Temjin's birth is disputed and multiple dates are given by different historians: 1155, 1162 or 1167.[7][8] However 1162 is the most accepted date.[9] It is possible that Temjin never knew the exact date of his birth.[10] The Secret History records his birthplace as Deln Boldog on the Onon River, but this has been placed at either Dadal in Khentii Province or in southern Agin-Buryat Okrug, Russia.[11]
Genghis Khan was born as Temjin to Yesugei, the leader of the Borjigin clan, and Hoelun of the Olkhonud tribe. In 1171, Yesugei took Temjin east through Tatar territory to the Khongirad, who were closely related to the Olkhonud tribe of his wife, to arrange a future marriage between his son and Brte. Temjin was left behind with the Khongirad to learn their ways, however Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars during his return trip. Yesugei sent a trusted retainer called Mnglig to retrieve Temjin from the Khongirad, but he arrived too late to see his father alive.[12] His father's followers scattered and Hoelun was left to care for her children by herself.[13] She took them to the Khentii Mountains where they lived for several years eking out an existence through fishing and grubbing roots.[14] Little is known about the events of Temjin's life during these years except for three flashpoints. At one point Temjin killed his half-brother Begter for stealing a fish. He then became the captive of the Taichiud and lived in a cage for some time before escaping with the help of a tribesman named Suldus Shira.[15] In 1173, he became the blood brother (anda) of Jamukha from the Jadaran (Jajirad) clan. The Jadaran clan considered itself descended from the Borjigids, but others say they were an illegitimate offshoot of uncertain birth.[16]
In 1177, Temjin went back to the Khongirad and married Brte, but she was kidnapped shortly thereafter in a Merkit raid. Temjin gathered 20,000 warriors and enlisted the help of his blood brother Jamukha and Toghrul, the khan of the Keraites. Together they helped Temjin get back Brte. It's not clear how she was returned or whether a military action was involved in the process. One version of events claim the combined forces routed the Merkit and she was rescued along with much booty, but this could have been a composite narrative combining a later military action with an earlier event. Brte gave birth soon afterwards and although the child may have been fathered by a Merkit, Temjin decided to raise him as his own anyway, naming him Jochi.[17]
The period of Temjin's life from 1177 to 1191 is largely unknown except that Temjin often fought the Taichiud, Salji'ut, Khadagin, and Tatars with mixed results. One of the clans following Temjin eventually left and was defeated by the Taichiud, after which they joined Jamukha.[17] During the 1180s there was a drought in Mongolia which increased conflict between the tribes but Temjin only played a limited part in these affairs.[18]
The previous attack on the Merkit that resulted in the rescue of Brte may have been a separate campaign that occurred in 1191, and was confused in the sources. In 1191, Jamukha, Temjin, and Toghrul and his brother Jakha Gambhu decided to attack the Merkit. However Temjin and Toghrul were late to the rendezvous area by three days, which greatly angered Jamukha. Together the 40,000 strong allied forces made a detour east to attack the enemy camp from the north-east. A fisherman spotted them and warned the Merkit of the impending attack, but the Merkit failed to make the necessary preparations, and dispersed.[19]
Temjin and Jamukha stayed together for a while after the battle. At one point they sent an embassy to the Khadagin and Salji'ut to try to win them over against the Taichiud. In 1187 or 1193, Temjin and Jamukha split when retainers of the two camps clashed over horse thievery. Temjin took with him 41 tribal leaders and 10,000 men from Jamukha and was elected khan by his followers in the following days. The Taichiud became frightened by Temjin's power and joined Jamukha.[20][21]
Jamukha assembled 30,000 men and moved in an arc from the north to flank Temjin's position. The two forces were evenly matched but Temjin's side suffered slightly worse than Jamukha, and was forced to retreat to a defensible pass called Jerene near the Onon River. Despite Jamukha's victory, his harsh treatment of captives disgusted his allies so much that they defected to Temjin, bringing with them 10,000 men. With less than 20,000 men at his side, Jamukha was no longer able to challenge Temjin on the upper Kherlen River, and retreated further east.[22][21]
In 1195, the Jurchen Jin dynasty allied with the Tatars to attack the Khongirad. The resulting military operation was a success but the Tatar leader, Zuxu, quarrelled over the distribution of loot. Breakdown of communication led to a Jin attack on the Tatars in the following year. The Jin general Wanyan Xiang sent a vanguard detachment under Wanyan Anguo toward the Kherlen River, where they held off Tatar forces for three days before the main body of the Jin army arrived and defeated them.[26]
The Khongirad had not forgotten their previous conflicts. On 4 February 1196, they struck deep into Jin territory and defeated a Jin detachment. Meanwhile, the Tatars fleeing Jin forces were intercepted by Toghrul and Temjin. The beleaguered Tatars chose to fight in a makeshift barricade instead of on the open field, probably because they were much weaker than the opposing force. The resulting melee resulted in the complete defeat of the Tatars. Toghrul and Temjin later met with Jin officials, who were extremely pleased with the destruction of the Tatars, and awarded them with titles. One of the Jin officials, a Khitan by the name of Yel Ahai, was so impressed with Temjin, that he and his brother Tuhua later defected to him in 1203.[27]
Soon after the defeat of the Tatars, Toghrul was overthrown by his brother Erke Qara, who was backed by Inanch Bilge khan of the Naimans. A Naiman force entered Keraite territory and attacked Temjin's camp, causing some damage. Toghrul fled to the Qara Khitai.[27]
The defeated Tatar Zuxu submitted to the Jin and rebelled again in the same year. Zuxu submitted to the Jin again in 1198 and died soon afterward. Wanyan Xiang ordered the construction of extensive defensive works to protect sedentary population in the north. No further Jin campaigns against the steppe nomads were carried out with the same success as that of 1196.[28]
Inanch Bilge khan died in 1198, splitting the Naimans between his two sons Tayang khan and Buyruq khan. In 1199, Temjin, Toghrul, and Jamukha attacked Buyruq west of the Altai Mountains. Alarmed by the eastern invaders, Tayang sent a force under Kkse Sabraq, which intercepted Toghrul and took half his people hostage. Temjin sent Muqali, Borokhula, Chilaun, and Bo'orchu to support the Keraites. They arrived in time to turn the tide of battle and routed the Naimans. Despite the victory in battle, the allied forces moved further east, possibly out of fear that the two Naiman factions might recoup and unite against them.[31] 152ee80cbc
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