Tutorials

Franck–Hertz with neon gas showed that neon atoms absorb a specific amount of energy (~18.7 eV). Accelerated electrons collide inelastically with neon atoms, exciting their electrons and producing characteristic red-orange light, proving that atomic energy is quantized.

The photoelectric effect experiment is an experiment that shows that light can detach electrons from a metal surface if the frequency is high enough. In this experiment, light of various wavelengths is directed onto a metal surface in vacuum. If the energy of the photons (determined by their frequency) exceeds the work function of the metal, electrons will be released and form an electric current that can be measured. 

This experiment became an important milestone in the discovery of the basic properties of electrons and provided evidence that electrons are negatively charged particles with very small masses. This tool uses a tube filled with hydrogen gas with a certain pressure so as not to interfere with the motion of the electrons (producing a blue electron trajectory).

The Rutherford scattering experiment with a thin layer of gold 2 micrometers thick was an important experiment in understanding atomic structure. In this experiment, alpha (positively charged) particles were fired towards a very thin layer of gold. Most of the alpha particles passed through the layer without deflection, but some were scattered at large angles, and some were even reflected almost back. 

This video presents a tutorial on gamma spectroscopy experiments using a multi-channel analyzer (MCA) and a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, with radioactive sources Co-60, Cs-137, and Na-22. In this experiment, you will learn about the operating principles of scintillation detectors, how to calculate energy resolution, and how to determine the gamma energy of Cs-137 and Na-22 through calibration using the Co-60 source. 

This experiment uses a Geiger–Müller detector to study the statistical distribution of radiation counts from background and radioactive sources, as well as to determine the detector's resolving time. The objective of the experiment is to understand the characteristics of radiation detection and the factors that influence measurement accuracy.

Alpha particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold to observe the scattering pattern. The results showed that most of the alpha particles passed through without deflection, while a small fraction scattered at large angles. This finding proved that atoms consist mostly of empty space with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at their center. This experiment replaced the Thomson atomic model and became the basis for the development of subsequent atomic theories.