In physics, the term "light" may refer more broadly to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not.[4][5] In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. The primary properties of light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization. Its speed in vacuum, 299792458 m/s, is one of the fundamental constants of nature.[6] Like all types of electromagnetic radiation, visible light propagates by massless elementary particles called photons that represents the quanta of electromagnetic field, and can be analyzed as both waves and particles. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics.
There are many sources of light. A body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiation. A simple thermal source is sunlight, the radiation emitted by the chromosphere of the Sun at around 6,000 K (5,730 C; 10,340 F). Solar radiation peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units,[20] and roughly 44% of the radiation that reaches the ground is visible.[21] Another example is incandescent light bulbs, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A common thermal light source in history is the glowing solid particles in flames, but these also emit most of their radiation in the infrared and only a fraction in the visible spectrum.
Modern History Spectrum Notes Pdf Download
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The macrocyclic lactones enjoy a position of prominence in the control of parasites, and their history may be of interest, and even of use, in an age in which the search for chemotherapeutic agents has been transformed by modern technology. Much of their history has been recorded piecemeal in a wide variety of publications. The present review provides additional detail, and offers a personal perspective on the history of ivermectin and related avermectins. Brief notes are included on the subsequent development of other macrocyclic lactones. Milbemycin preceded the avermectins as a macrocyclic lactone of agricultural importance, but was used for a different purpose. Development of the avermectins arose from the isolation, in the laboratories of the Kitasato Institute, of a novel soil-dwelling bacterium and its transmittal (in 1974) to the laboratories of Merck & Co., Inc. There it was found (in 1975) to produce a potent anthelmintic substance, which was then identified and transmuted by interdisciplinary research into an antiparasitic product. Initially the focus was on its applicability to veterinary science and animal husbandry; and after developmental research by many scientific teams, the product was introduced commercially (in 1981) for the control of endoparasitic nematodes and ectoparasitic arthropods in livestock. Subsequently, special applications in human medicine were developed, and were successfully implemented in partnership with World Health Organization and several non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Notes on Contributors Nicholas Scott Baker is a social and cultural historian of Renaissance Italy. He teaches early modern European history at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, and has published on violence and political culture in sixteenth-century Florence.
Simon Hall is a senior lecturer in American history at the University of Leeds, U.K. He is the author of Peace and Freedom: The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005) and is currently working on a book exploring social protest movements from across the American political spectrum during the 1970s and 1980s.
That said, some of the same headaches that plagued Babbage also affected the modern team. Despite leaving behind fairly detailed designs, Babbage left no introductory notes or explanations of how the pieces worked together. Much of the groundbreaking work interpreting the designs was done by Australian computer scientist and historian Allan G. Bromley, beginning in 1979. Even so, the plans had dimension inconsistencies, errors, and entire parts omitted (such as the driving mechanism for the inking), as described by Swade in a 2005 article for the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) spectrum disorder is a skeletal dysplasia representing a clinical continuum ranging from classic CCD (triad of delayed closure of the cranial sutures, hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles, and dental abnormalities), to mild CCD, to isolated dental anomalies without other skeletal features [Golan et al 2000]. Most individuals are diagnosed because they have classic features. CCD spectrum disorder affects most prominently those bones derived from intramembranous ossification, such as the cranium and the clavicles, although bones formed through endochondral ossification can also be affected. Cooper et al [2001] recorded the natural history of 90 probands and 56 first- and second-degree relatives; findings highlight the clinical variability of this condition within affected members of the same family who harbor the same pathogenic variant. Roberts et al [2013] reviewed their experience with more than 100 affected individuals in South Africa.
Modern History is one of the most important subjects in your UPSC preparation. The reason is, every year a significant number of questions comes from this subject and many of them can be done correctly by putting little effort. It is comparatively easier than the ancient and medieval and the return of investment is also very high in modern history, so this should be prepared accordingly.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the most successful political-military alliance in modern history. Despite doom prophecies of a superfluous NATO having lost its raison d'tre, the Alliance is more active than ever before. The reason for NATO's success as the central element of...
As seen throughout modern history, democracies can prove either highly effective as in the United States, or can be immense failures as seen in many African nations. The main question that is posed by this lack of consistency within the track record of democratic nations is: why some states succeed so prominently while others fail to show any growth under a democratic system? It is in the interest of the global community to prevent state failure. By exploring specific case studies of democracies in action, spanning the spectrum of successful statehood, one is able to gain a better understanding of the benefits of the democratic model and the challenges that face the spread of democracy throughout the modern world.
A Brief History of Modern India by Rajiv Ahir is a comprehensive book that provides an overview of the modern history of India. The book is part of the Spectrum series, which is known for its focus on historical events and topics relevant to competitive exams in India. 2351a5e196
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