An Astrup Analysis Calculator is a specialized tool designed to compute blood gas values, including pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and base excess (BE). Based on inputs from blood gas measurements, this calculator assists in assessing a patient's acid-base status, respiratory function, and metabolic imbalances.

BMI (Body Mass Index) is a numerical measure used to assess the proportion of weight to height of a person. It is often used as a general indicator of body composition and to evaluate the health status associated with weight.

The method of calculating the medium parental height takes into account the parent's height to speculate the adult height of the child. Monitoring children's height growth can be done with the help of endocrinology, starting from very young ages.

The Hydration Factor can vary depending on different recommendations, but one of the common values is approximately 30-35 ml/kg/day. However, this is a general estimate and does not take into account variables such as activity level, climatic conditions, or other individual needs.

A Growth Speed Calculator using the Tannor Factor is a tool designed to measure and predict the growth rate of an organism or biological entity. By applying the Tannor Factor, a parameter that accounts for environmental and physiological conditions, this calculator provides precise estimations of growth speed, helping researchers and practitioners optimize growth conditions and monitor developmental progress.

A Cardiovascular Risk Calculator is a tool designed to estimate an individual's likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack or stroke, over a specified period. By analyzing key risk factors including age, gender, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, smoking status, and family history, this calculator provides a risk assessment score. This helps healthcare providers and patients to identify high-risk individuals and implement preventative measures to reduce cardiovascular risk.

The formula used for a medical dosage calculator depends on the type of medication, route of administration, and individual patient characteristics.

Dosage based on body weight:

• Dosage = Body weight (kg) * Recommended dosage (mg/kg)

A Dosage Calculator Using Body Surface Area (BSA) is a tool designed to determine the appropriate medication dosage based solely on a patient's BSA and the recommended dosage. By inputting the calculated BSA and the recommended dosage per square meter, the calculator provides the exact dose required. This ensures precise and personalized medication administration, enhancing treatment effectiveness and safety.

The formula used for a medical dosage calculator depends on the type of medication, route of administration, and individual patient characteristics.

Dosage adjusted for renal function:

• Dosage = Initial dosage * Patient's creatinine clearance / Standard creatinine clearance

A normal creatinine clearance is typically greater than 90 ml/min.

A low creatinine clearance may indicate impaired renal function.

The degree of renal impairment is classified into stages, from G1 (mild impairment) to G5 (severe impairment).

It is important to note that

The Cockcroft-Gault formula is only an estimation of creatinine clearance.

The actual creatinine clearance may be higher or lower than the estimated value.

It is important to interpret creatinine clearance in the context of other clinical information.

A doctor may request additional tests to evaluate renal function.

This calculator supports 4 methods to calculate the body surface based on weight and height:

• Haycock BSA (m²) = 0.024265 × Height (cm)0.3964 × Weight (kg)0.5378

• DuBois and DuBois BSA (m²) = 0.20247 × Height (m)0.725 × Weight (kg)0.425

• Gehan and George BSA (m²) = 0.0235 × Height (cm)0.42246 × Weight (kg)0.51456

• Mosteller BSA (m²) = ([Height  (cm)  × Weight (kg)]/3,600)½

In an electric field, particles charged with a certain electric charge move according to the intensity of the electric field, their electric charge, and the size and shape of the molecule. In the case of abnormal hemoglobins, structural modification leads to a change in electric charge, allowing their electrophoretic migration and separation.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis at an alkaline pH (8.2-8.6) using agar gel as the migration support is a rapid and sensitive method, allowing the separation of physiological and pathological Hb, including minor fractions3. At this pH, hemoglobin has a negative electric charge and will migrate towards the anode. For each set of samples run, a control containing hemoglobins A, F, S, and C is used. Since a protein stain rather than a heme stain is used, carbonic anhydrase (an enzyme with a high content in erythrocytes) will additionally be visualized behind the A2 band.

Recommendations for performing hemoglobin electrophoresis

Diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia syndromes whose suspicion is indicated by:

 • chronic hemolytic anemia;

 • vascular occlusive crisis of unknown cause in a patient from areas with high levels of Hb S and/or Hb C;

 • hydrops fetalis syndrome of unknown cause1;

 • suggestive hemogram aspect, with microcytosis and hypochromia more severe than would be expected for the degree of anemia and a number of erythrocytes at the upper limit of normal or even increased, associated with a large number of target cells and basophilic stippling on the blood smear. In this situation, to differentiate from iron deficiency, the Mentzer index and RDW index are useful:

Mentzer index = MCV / number of erythrocytes (x10^6)\n>14 suggestive of iron deficiency;

12-14 equivocal\n<12 suggestive of thalassemia trait.

RDW index = Mentzer index x RDW (red cell distribution width).

< 220: suggestive of thalassemia;

≥ 220: suggestive of iron deficiency anemia.