This definition suggests that a mobile medical app is inevitably a medical device from a legal perspective and, thus, is intended to be used for the same medicinal purposes as a medical device. In parallel, the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices orientation guide on medical apps also qualifies medical apps as medical devices, referring to particular intended purposes [43]:

The connection between health apps, medical apps, digital health applications (DiGA), and digital care applications (DiPA). Can be affected by medical device regulation because of the intended use for medical purposes. ~Regulated by section 33a of volume 5 of the German Social Insurance Code and DiGAV as low-risk mobile medical devices in Germany only. *Regulated by section 40a of volume 11 of the German Social Insurance Code in Germany only.


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Most of the definitions of medical apps given by scientific papers (6/11, 55%) matched the legal regulations in the United States and the EU insofar as they listed medical purposes (if they did not, it was because the scientific descriptions were not as specific as the legal papers). Owing to this finding, the flowchart offers insights on health and medical apps based on the legal definitions in the United States and the EU. However, it does not provide insights into whether an app is legally regulated. Instead, it showcases a specific app that fits the legal definitions in the named regions. However, other countries might have different legal regulations for mobile medical apps, so this flowchart can only report on the 2 regions given as case studies. The decision tree is intended to provide a low-threshold and practical way to differentiate between health and medical apps quickly. Therefore, it can be used by scientists and developers, politicians, or users of health-related apps. Owing to the recent introduction of DiPA, a concrete regulatory framework for these apps is still missing in Germany. As such, the flowchart does not include DiPA.

Substance addiction (or drug addiction) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a recurring desire to continue taking the drug despite harmful consequences. Non-substance addiction (or behavioral addiction) covers pathological gambling, food addiction, internet addiction, and mobile phone addiction. Their definition is similar to drug addiction but they differ from each other in specific domains. This review aims to provide a brief overview of past and current definitions of substance and non-substance addiction, and also touches on the topic of diagnosing drug addiction and non-drug addiction, ultimately aiming to further the understanding of the key concepts needed for a foundation to study the biological and psychological underpinnings of addiction disorders.

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IATROGENIC caused by a physician or by treatment

IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device

IDIOPATHIC of unknown cause

IMMUNITY defense against, protection from

IMMUNOGLOBIN a protein that makes antibodies

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE drug which works against the body's immune (protective) response, often used in transplantation and diseases caused by immune system malfunction

IMMUNOTHERAPY giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells

IMPAIRED FUNCTION abnormal function

IMPLANTED placed in the body

IND investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug

INDUCTION PHASE beginning phase or stage of a treatment

INDURATION hardening

INDWELLING remaining in a given location, such as a catheter

INFARCT death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

INFECTIOUS DISEASE disease that is transmitted from one person to the next

INFLAMMATION swelling that is generally painful, red, and warm

INFUSION slow injection of a substance into the body, usually into the blood by means of a catheter

INGESTION eating; taking by mouth

INTERFERON drug which acts against viruses; antiviral agent

INTERMITTENT occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time points; repeatedly stopping, then starting again

INTERNAL within the body

INTERIOR inside of the body

INTRAMUSCULAR into the muscle; within the muscle

INTRAPERITONEAL into the abdominal cavity

INTRATHECAL into the spinal fluid

INTRAVENOUS (IV) through the vein

INTRAVESICAL in the bladder

INTUBATE the placement of a tube into the airway

INVASIVE PROCEDURE puncturing, opening, or cutting the skin

INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) a new drug that has not been approved by the FDA

INVESTIGATIONAL METHOD a treatment method which has not been proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care

ISCHEMIA decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow)

SARCOMA a type of cancer

SEDATIVE a drug to calm or make less anxious

SEMINOMA a type of testicular cancer (found in the male sex glands)

SEQUENTIALLY in a row, in order

SOMNOLENCE sleepiness

SPIROMETER an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs

STAGING an evaluation of the extent of the disease

STANDARD OF CARE a treatment plan that the majority of the medical community would accept as appropriate

STENOSIS narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the blood vessels in the heart

STOMATITIS mouth sores, inflammation of the mouth

STRATIFY arrange in groups for analysis of results (e.g., stratify by age, sex, etc.)

STUPOR stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the attention of the subject

SUBCLAVIAN under the collarbone

SUBCUTANEOUS under the skin

SUPINE lying on the back

SUPPORTIVE CARE general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cureunderlying disease

SYMPTOMATIC having symptoms

SYNDROME a condition characterized by a set of symptoms

SYSTOLIC top number in blood pressure; pressure during active contraction of the heart 2351a5e196

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