Isometric and Orthographic Projection/Drawing | First and Third Angle Projections

Introduction to Drawing: Drawing is most important thing that a mechanical engineer keep in mind.

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Isometric Projections/Drawing

Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees.

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Orthographical Projections/Drawing

An orthographic projection is a way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D views of the object. Orthographic drawings are also known as multi views. The most commonly used views are top, front, and right side.

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What is the difference between Isometric and Orthographic drawing?

Isometric Drawings: Isometric drawings are most commonly used by tradespeople to communicate a large amount of information in a single drawing. Because isometric drawings show three sides of an object, they make it easy to visualize how a finished project may look or to better understand how the pieces will fit together. As demonstrated in the development of orthographic drawings, much more detail can be conveyed in a single isometric drawing than in a series of three orthographic drawings.

Orthographic Drawings:Orthographic drawings are projections from a single angle. Most objects can be fully represented showing a front view, side view, and top (or plan) view. The biggest limitation of orthographic drawings is they represent a single perspective that may not show details hidden from view. For this reason, several views may have to be shown to indicate all details. Most commonly, front views and top views are shown.

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What is First angle and Third angle Projection?

First Angle Projection : This is one of the most common methods used to obtain engineering drawings, mostly for orthographic projections. Orthographic projection is a graphical method used to represent three-dimensional structures or objects into different perspective projection images called views. The orthographic view typically consists of the top view, front view, and the side view. First angle projection is one of the methods used for orthographic projection drawings and is approved internationally except the United States. In this projection method, the object is placed in the first quadrant and is positioned in front of the vertical plane and above the horizontal plane.

Third Angle Projection : This is another perspective projection method used to represent three-dimensional objects using a series of two-dimensional views. In third angle projection, the 3D object to be projected is placed in the third quadrant and is positioned behind the vertical plane and below the horizontal plane. Unlike in first angle projection where the plane of projection is supposedly opaque, the planes are transparent in third angle projection. This projection method is mainly used in the United States and Japan stipulates the use of third angle projection schema for industrial designs for product fabrication.

What are the Difference between First Angle and Third Angle Projection?

First Angle Projection is one of the ways of representing three-dimensional objects with respect to two dimensions which is commonly used in Europe and most of the world except the United States. For getting orthographic views from 3D objects, we divide the plane into four quadrants. The object is placed in the first quadrant for the first angle projection.

United States and Australia uses the Third Angle Projection method as their default projection system. The object is placed in the third quadrant for the third angle projection.

The principal planes of an object are used to project different views of the same object from different points of sight. Overall six different sides can be drawn consisting of six orthographic views called as principal views.

To get the first angle projection, the object is placed in the first quadrant meaning it’s placed between the plane of projection and the observer.

For the third angle projection, the object is placed below and behind the viewing planes meaning the plane of projection is between the observer and the object.

In the first angle projection schema, the plane of projection is believed to be opaque or non-transparent. The object is placed in front of the planes and each view is pushed through the object which places the vertical plane behind the object and pushes the horizontal plane underneath.

In the third angle projection method, the plane of projection is transparent and the object is placed below the horizontal plane and behind the vertical plane.

In the first angle projection method, the orthographic view is projected on a plane located beyond the object and the observer is on the left side of the object and projects the side view on a plane beyond the object. The right side view is projected to the left of the front view and the top view is projected onto the bottom of the front view.

In third angle projection, the observer is on the right side of the object and the orthographic view is projected on a plane located between the view point and the object. The right view is projected onto the right side of the front view and the top view is projected above the front view.

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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerances

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a language of symbols and standards designed and used by engineers and manufacturers to describe a product and facilitate communication between entities working together to produce something. Click Here To Know More Or Click Here Or Click Here

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Why we use GD&T ?

By employing GD&T to functional features on engineering drawings the designer is able to communicate to the manufacturer how much geometrical imperfection is tolerable before compromising the function of the component. Where the fit or function of a component is related to the size of a functional feature, the tolerance zone for that feature can be made flexible if appropriate. Controlling the functional features this way and allowing greater dimensional flexibility elsewhere on the component eases the manufacturing process and consequently reduces the cost of manufacture. Click Here Or Click Here

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is an American professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach."

ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, an advocacy organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.

ASME has over 110,000 members in more than 150 countries worldwide. ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures. Known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations, holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs. Kate Gleason and Lydia Weld were the first two women members.

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Limits, Fits and Tolerances

What are Limits, Fits and Tolerances?

What is Limit? : It is never possible to make anything exactly to a given size of dimensions. And moreover producing a perfect size is not only difficult but also a costly. Thus, dimensions of manufactured parts, only made to lie between two extreme dimensional specifications, are called Maximum and Minimum limits. The Maximum is the largest size and the Minimum is the smallest size permitted for that dimension.

What is Fit?: A fit between two parts to be assembled can be defined as the difference between their sizes before assembly. Or in other words, FIT is the general term to signify the range of tightness or looseness resulting from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of the mating parts.

Types of Fit: There are three different types of Fits.

1. Clearance Fit The difference between the hole and shaft sizes before assembly is positive.

2. Interference Fit: The arithmetic difference between the hole and shaft sizes before assembly is negative.

3. Transition Fit: This fit may provide either clearance or interference, depending on the actual value of the tolerance of individual parts.

What is Tolerance?: Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation ofa dimension or other measured value from the specified value.

It can also be defined as the total variation permitted in the size of a dimension, and is the algebraic difference between the upper and lower acceptable dimensions. It is an absolute value.

The basic purpose of providing tolerances is to permit dimensional variations in the manufacture of components, adhering to the performance criterion as established by the specification and design.

Classification of Tolerance : They are classified under following categories:

1. Unilateral Tolerance : When the tolerance distribution is only on one side of the basic size, it is known as unilateral tolerance.

2. Bilateral Tolerance : When the tolerance distribution lies on either side of the basic size, it is known as bilateral tolerance.

3. Compound Tolerance : When tolerance is determined by established tolerances on more than one dimension, it is known as compound tolerance.

4. Geometric Tolerance : Geometric tolerances are used to indicate the relationship of one part of an object with another.

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Non Traditional Machining or Unconventional Machining 

A non-traditional manufacturing process is defined as a group of process that remove excess material by various techniques involving Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical or Chemical energy. 

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Software's that Mechanical Engineering Students Must Know

There are many software's that a Mechanical Engineering student must but namely are AutoCAD, SOLIDWORKS, PTC Creo, Ansys, CATIA, AUTODESK Fusion 360, SIEMENS NX CAD

SOLIDWORKS

SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) computer program published by Dassault Systems, that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. Click Here to visit Official Website of SolidWorks

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CATIA

CATIA (an acronym of computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) is a multi-platform software suite for computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE), PLM and 3D, developed by the French company Dassault Systems. Click Here to visit the Official Website of CATIA

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PTC Creo

Creo is a family of Computer-aided design (CAD) apps supporting product design for discrete manufacturers and is developed by PTC. The suite consists of apps, each delivering a distinct set of capabilities for a user role within product development.

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Ansys

Ansys is an American company based in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It develops and markets CAE/multi physics engineering simulation software for product design, testing and operation and offers its products and services to customers worldwide. Click Here to visit the Official Website of Ansys

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AutoCAD

AutoCAD® is computer-aided design (CAD) software that architects, engineers, and construction professionals rely on to create precise 2D and 3D drawings. Click Here to visit Official Website of AutoCAD

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AUTODESK Fusion 360

Autodesk, Inc. is an American multinational software corporation that makes software products and services for the architecture, engineering, construction, manufacturing, media, education, and entertainment industries. Click Here to visit the Official Website of AUTODESK Fusion 360

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SIEMENS NX CAD

Siemens NX software is a flexible and powerful integrated solution that helps you deliver better products faster and more efficiently. NX delivers the next generation of design, simulation, and manufacturing solutions that enable companies to realize the value of the digital twin. Supporting every aspect of product development, from concept design through engineering and manufacturing, NX gives you an integrated toolset that coordinates disciplines, preserves data integrity and design intent, and streamlines the entire process. Click Here to visit the Official Website of NX CAD

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Engineering Materials | Material Science Engineering

Steel 

“Steel is iron-carbon alloys that may contain some other alloy elements”. There are thousands of alloys that have different compositions and/or heat treatment processes. Click Here to know more about steel. 

Metals 

There are many metals that exist on the earth. In our day-to-day lives, we use at least one metal for our purpose either directly or indirectly. In the life of a Mechanical engineer, Metals have a crucial role to play. Also Mechanical students need to remember some metals Melting & Boiling Temperatures, Crystal Structure. Here is the list of some metals (elements), their Symbol, Atomic Number, Melting Temperature, Boiling Temperature, Crystal Structure, Thermal Conductivity Click Here 

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