Madison Castillo
Instructor Tenorio
English 1120
13, October 2025
Annotated Bibliography
Anantrasirichai, Nantheera and Bull, David. “Artificial Intelligence in the creative industries: a review.” (PUBLISHER), 2021, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=33bb1452-c89a-36ee-9c19-6159cd4534b3
This paper explores the current applications in artificial intelligence of the creative industries. Firstly they provide a brief background of AI and its machine learning algorithms. Then the paper focuses on five main groups on how creative industries use artificial intelligence applications, content creation, information analysis, content enhancement and post production workflow, information extraction and enhancement, and data compression. The authors examine and differentiate artificial intelligence as a tool used to help creators and its potential to be a creator itself. The author Nantheera Anantrasirichai is an Associate Professor in Visual Computing and has a resume of journal articles and conference papers. She has an impressive education in technology and electrical engineering, showing her knowledge by the explanation of how artificial intelligence works and learns. In my paper, this source will add positive aspects of Gen-AI in the creative industries. I will use this as a counter-argument in my paper.
Arcila, Beatriz Botero. “Who owns Generative AI Training Data? Mapping the Issue and a Way Forward”, Network Law Review, vol. 2024, no. Winter 2024, Winter 2024, pp. 123-147, Hein Online. https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=423630ad-4a4f-36ec-8c5f-469aea427e17
The main focus of this article is the complicative legal and policy challenges from the use of data being used to train artificial intelligence, specifically generated artificial intelligence(GAI) There are many types of artificial intelligence mentioned such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, and Google, and how these applications would use data sources from the internet with a technique called “web crawling”. Allowing the use of data sourced from social media, websites, or the news, to train these AI models. This article then pushes its focus to three legal interests: privacy and data protection interests, copyright interests, and terms of service. To recognize the individual entitlements data GAI companies used to train their AI models. The author, Beatriz Botero Arcilia, is an Assistant Professor of law in the digital information economy at Harvard University. Her research and work focuses on data and AI governance. This article will be used in my research paper to support my arguments on the privacy rights of artists.
Bender, Stuart. “Generative-AI, the media industries, and the disappearance of human creative labour.” School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, 2024, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=eeebad4a-d346-36d4-94eb-2074e1f47c58
This article focuses on the concerns about the disappearance of human creative labour and generative artificial intelligence’s role in the creative media and arts industries. The first area of focus being the industrial impact (Creative jobs). At many points in the article it’s mentioned how Gen-AI is taking away jobs from humans and gives an example about a possibility of an algorithm revoicing a video fluently in another language. This is taking away a job from a voice performer. The second area of focus being the threat to meaningfulness of human-created work. AI poses a threat to this because of the fear of losing the ability to express creativity in media productions. Later the article discusses the currently accepted models of AI’s to be potential assistants for the human worker in the creative industries.The author of this article, Stuart Bender is an associate professor of Media, Creative Arts and Social inquiry. He has many articles about AI in the media industries and other technical productions. This article will be used in my paper to support my claims on the growing fear of job losses to Gen-AI.
Shi, Jingyu, Jain, Rahul, Duan, Runlin, and Ramani, Karthik. “Understanding Generative Ai in Art: An Interview Study with Artists on G-AI from an HCI Perspective.” ,2023, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=1a998f2b-64b8-3ffb-951b-40ebb8d693ce
This article investigates the impact of Generative-AI on artists and understanding between the two. The authors managed interviews with artists from diverse disciplines such as mangaka, music producers, photography, contemporary painters, digital designers and other mediums that involve Generative-AI in their work. Questions asked by the authors were, “How are artists’ careers changed by G-AI?” and “What are artists’ perspectives on G-AI?”. From the responses they received there are benefits and disadvantages of Generative-AI between artists who use AI and those that don’t. The benefits include a collaboration between AI and Artists by aiding in creativity, avoiding growth, and enhancing professional abilities. Though it may be different for each artist as some explained it wasn’t helpful in their process. The disadvantages discussed in this article were the skill barriers some users had with the technology, one user explaining that due to the lack of G-AI skills caused unemployment. This leads to an unequal competition between artists in the creative fields. This article will be used in my paper for the interviews with artists in the creative fields and the topics discussed about the plagiarism of other artists' work and the originality of its generated images.
Sijin Zhu, Zheng Wang, Yuan Zhuang, Yuyang Jiang, Mengyao Guo, Xiaolin Zhang, and Ze Gao. “Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on art creation and collaboration: Benefits, challenges and ethical implications.” Telematics and Informatics Reports, 2024, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=c4b3bcca-8700-38ea-b79c-7b61ea1f9293
This paper explores the impact of ChatGPT on art creation and collaboration. The paper explains concerns about ChatGPT and its ability to replace human productivity and the ethical issue of authorship and originality. While the advantages being its potential to assist in idea generation and collaboration. The article discusses thoroughly the challenges of AI and its persuasive technologies in the information it provides for users. The authors argue that overreliance on these models can potentially reduce human independence, talents and decision making. This shifts into the next section about if ChatGT can have a cultural identity. The author argues that ChatGPT cannot have cultural identity like humans do and that it mirrors human cultural identities from its training data. Thus the concerns on the ethical issue of authorship and originality. After this section the article moves onto the challenges in commercialization and the companies using AI to generate images. The issues arise when the images do not match actual human expression and characteristics. This paper provides an academic perspective on ChatGPT and its challenges on originality and the benefits of its idea generation that can be used for artists.
Wang, Yu-Ao, She, James, Lin, Troy TianYu, and Zhang, Kang. “AI Visual Art History: An Art Movement with Expanded Artistic Horizon.” ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, COmmunications & Applications, 2025, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=1f176888-9116-3e8e-acef-a3a35d253bb0
This article provides an overview of AI visual art and conventional art and its relations. As well as exploring the potential innovations and impacts AI art may introduce. The authors describe AI as being a tool for artists needs as a creative tool or guidance in the artist's process but also provides AI art being devoid of human emotion and thoughts which fails genuine artistic status. As the authors move forward they briefly mention the social evaluations of AI art and provide an example of the first entry of AI art into the mainstream art market. From that point societal attention toward AI art has escalated. The negative impacts of AI art are the style plagiarism from the data used for training AI models, the threats AI poses to employment and income for artists, and the controversies of AI art being considered as genuine art. Despite the negative perceptions, the authors then describe the positive aspects of AI art as expanding artistic horizons. AI being used as a guide and assistant. The authors of this article lean towards being pro-AI art and provide many aspects of the negatives and positives of AI-art. This article will be used in my paper because it provides both perspectives of the good and bad of AI art and the controversies.
Madison Castillo
Instructor Tenorio
English 1120
17, October 2025
Generative AI and its impact on Artists
Artificial Intelligence has been used by creative industries since the 1950s and has since then evolved from Logic Theorist, the program made to mimic human problem-solving skills and ELIZA a natural language processing program(NLP) or what we would call an early example of chatbot, to Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative-AI). A more recent and advanced form of Artificial Intelligence. As technology has significantly improved in the last couple decades, Generative-AI has become a part of our everyday lives. We use Generative-AI in things like google maps and Spotify recommendations. Generative-AI is becoming more common and accessible to the general public as it’s increasing in social media apps and websites. Creative Industries are using AI applications in many areas such as content creation, content enhancement, post production workflow, and Human-AI collaboration. These applications are mainly to help creators as a tool or even as an assistant to increase production speed. From 2020 to today, this has caused controversial questions about whether Generative-AI is a threat to humanity. Specifically the possibility of AI being a creator itself and raising concerns on potential job losses, originality and property rights. Does the production of Generative-AI affect the roles of artists in the creative fields?
Though there are many different types of Artificial Intelligence such as Machine Learning AI or Narrow AI. Generative AI is by far the fastest growing and most used application. This type of AI is used in many applications in daily life. Unlike traditional AI that uses existing data to perform specific tasks. Generative-AI is designed to create new content such as images, audios, and texts based on what it’s learned from its training data. Arcila, Beatriz Botero has discussed how companies develop their models by “Techniques like web crawling have allowed actors like OpenAI and Google to train their models using data from sources as varied as social media, Wikipedia, or the news”(Arcila, Beatriz Botero, 125). The large amounts of data used across the internet for training these models causes concerns on privacy rights. Many artists are against this AI training for the reasons of personal data being collected without consent and said data being used to generate images or even something worse. A participant described seeing a disturbing image and expressing concerns on fake news created by AI “One of the potentialities I see from this technology is that it can generate news even without any context. In other words, it can generate fake news that may sound authentic. This raises significant concerns of mine about the spread of misinformation and the blurring of lines between factual reporting and fabricated narratives."(Shi et al. 9) “ It is mentioned briefly, “That artists’ rights are currently unprotected and they are unable to identify if their works have been utilized in AI model training data”(Wang, Yu-Ao et al. 5). With this controversy of privacy rights of artists and the unfair use of data in Generative-AI training models, it is uncovering another issue about the originality of Generative-AI art.
“There are debates on whether AI possesses creativity and can be considered an independent artist”(Wang, Yu-Ao et al. 6). With the controversies surrounding plagiarism and originality of Generative-AI, it all comes down to the perspective in how it's viewed or as mentioned by Shi, Jingyu et al. who argues that “G-AI generated artworks cannot be considered plagiarized if they or their users do not intentionally replicate existing works to appear novel”(3) Though this perspective may claim that Generative-AI doesn’t have to follow human rules and suggests that the moral responsibilities for originality are with the person to follow and not the Generated-AI system. Another perspective discusses a similar claim that “AI Art should not be directly evaluated using traditional human artistic standards due to the differences in the creative process and logic”(Wang, Yu-Ao et al. 6). This shows that this issue may have more philosophical questions between humans and Generative-AI.
Many scholars and artists argue that Generative-AI art is not an independent artist because it merely imitates. Jiang argues that “the image generator has no understanding of the perspective of the audience or the experience that the output is intended to communicate to this audience. At best, the output of image generators is aesthetic, in that it can be appreciated or enjoyed, but it is not artistic or art itself”(Jiang, Harry et al. 3) Generative-AI is trained to generate images from prompts its given and doesn’t create anything that is remotely expressional in its images the way humans have with their artworks. Zhu et al has also thoroughly explored these philosophical debates and mentions that AI is a machine, not something that has independent creativity as it lacks human creativity that human-made art has.
With that said, there are issues with the end result of Generated-AI images such as the devoid of human expressionism and creativity. For example, with the increased use of Generated images in commercialization there are a few issues with the images needing to be corrected by design companies because “images often have illustrations and wrong expressions that do not conform to actual human characteristics when it comes to portraits” (Sijin, Zhu et al.). The use of AI generated videos and images has been a growing trend in commercial companies today. An example of this is the Coca-Cola company and their AI-generated Christmas commercial. This commercial has received backlash recently for the second consecutive year of using AI to generate an entire commercial. Many viewers expressed their criticism over the commercial online.
As technology rapidly progresses, many artists are concerned about Generative-AI’s capabilities in the creative industries and whether or not Generative-AI can cause potential job losses. As Generated-AI has the ability to create images, videos and text in a matter of seconds. These industry jobs include Illustrators, Graphic Designers, Voice-over artists, and Animators. For example, “Generative-AI in the creative fields such as task automation being a major benefit mentioned in several articles. Because it can increase productivity on main tasks and connects to Post-Production tasks such as editing, color grading, tagging footage and sound design”(Bender Stuart, 4) This article expresses concern over the replacement of artists in the creative industries and also mentions studios intentions on using Generative-AI to rewrite scripts and generate basic plot ideas. He also gives an example about a possibility of an algorithm revoicing a video fluently in another language. This is taking away a job from a voice performer. These concerns lead to many artists' job insecurities.
A participant has mentioned “Our craft is rooted in passion, creativity, and years of practice. We pour our hearts into each character, each storyline, and each stroke of the pen. But now, with AI capable of mimicking our style and even inventing new plots, I worry that people might start to prefer the convenience and speed of AI-generated manga over our handcrafted works."(Shi et al.9) In this article many participants have expressed their concerns on the speed of Generative-AI and its capability to replace them. As technology improves many artists may have to expand their skills in using Generative-AI in their jobs. This can cause a disadvantage between artists as some may not have the skills to work with Generative-AI as mentioned briefly, “The user described the situation of unemployment from his former employer due to the lack of G-AI skills. We anticipate that this will become more common for creators who have not been exposed to G-AI due to financial, Internet, or computational resources”(Shi et al. 9)
Although there are many negative aspects to the use of Generative-AI and how it impacts artists. There are benefits of this technology that may assist artists in the creative industries. These benefits include efficiency in workflow and productivity. As well as Post-production assistance especially when editing. Shi et al, has also mentioned many participants have had positive experiences with the collaboration of Generative-AI such as its aid in idea generation, avoiding art-block, and enhancing professional abilities. Generative-AI can be used as a tool (if used correctly) to improve the work of artists. The article “Artificial Intelligence in the creative industries: a review” has many insights on the improvements AI has done in many creative fields such as automatically generated captions for images or videos, colorization in films, and restoration in distorted images.
Another example of benefits of AI is the early technologies of CGI explained thoroughly by Bender, “the transition to Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) that came about through the work on Steven Spielberg’s Jurassic Park (1993). Although this was not the first film to utilize CGI, its production caused a remarkable change in employment and creative practice which at first threatened to follow the replacing tasks model, then the management model before finally stumbling into the amplification model” (9). In this article, Bender explains the importance of this technology and the jobs that were positively changed by this. Animators worked with this program to create realistic movements for the dinosaurs in the film. He explains in great detail of the specific tasks animators and puppeteers worked on to make sure the movements are convincing.
To conclude on the discussion of Generative-AI and its impact on artists, there are significant issues between Generative-AI and artists. Firstly, on how Generative-AI is trained through its “web-crawling” training models that use data from all across the internet and creating concerns on privacy rights and copyrights on the data usage. This brings into light all the different art styles/artworks it's using without consent from human artists. As well as the philosophical debates on whether Generative-AI is an independent artist as originality is a human moral and not a machine’s. This leads into the lack of creativity and expressionism in Generated-AI art and the issues with the system not being as reliable. This rise in advancements of the technology is creating fear among artists and creative professionals as this could threaten jobs in the creative industries such as Illustrators, Graphic Designers, Voice-over artists and animators. Many artists do not have experience with Generative-AI and are losing their jobs because of this. Although with these issues there are benefits to the use of Generative-AI in the creative fields such as task automation being a major benefit mentioned in several articles. Because it can increase productivity on main tasks and connects to Post-Production tasks such as editing, color grading, tagging footage and sound design. However the negatives of the rise of Generative-AI outweigh the benefits thus affecting the roles of many artists in the creative fields.
Works Cited
Anantrasirichai, Nantheera and Bull, David. “Artificial Intelligence in the creative industries: a review.” (PUBLISHER), 2021, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=33bb1452-c89a-36ee-9c19-6159cd4534b3
Arcila, Beatriz Botero. “Who owns Generative AI Training Data? Mapping the Issue and a Way Forward”, Network Law Review, vol. 2024, no. Winter 2024, Winter 2024, pp. 123-147, Hein Online. https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=423630ad-4a4f-36ec-8c5f-469aea427e17
Bender, Stuart. “Generative-AI, the media industries, and the disappearance of human creative labour.” School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, 2024, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=eeebad4a-d346-36d4-94eb-2074e1f47c58
Jiang Harry, Brown Lauren, Cheng Jessica, Anonymous Artist, Khan Mehtab, Gupta Abhishek, Workman Deja, Hanna Alex, Flowers Jonathan, Gebru Timnit. “AI Art and its Impact on Artists” Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES ‘23) 8-10, August 2023,
Shi, Jingyu, Jain Rahul, Duan, Runlin, and Ramani Karthik. “Understanding Generative Ai in Art: An Interview Study with Artists on G-AI from an HCI Perspective.” ,2023, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=1a998f2b-64b8-3ffb-951b-40ebb8d693ce
Sijin Zhu, Zheng Wang, Yuan Zhuang, Yuyang Jiang, Mengyao Guo, Xiaolin Zhang, and Ze Gao. “Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on art creation and collaboration: Benefits, challenges and ethical implications.” Telematics and Informatics Reports, 2024, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=c4b3bcca-8700-38ea-b79c-7b61ea1f9293
Wang, Yu-Ao, She, James, Lin, Troy TianYu, and Zhang, Kang. “AI Visual Art History: An Art Movement with Expanded Artistic Horizon.” ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications & Applications, 2025, https://research-ebsco-com.libproxy.unm.edu/linkprocessor/plink?id=1f176888-9116-3e8e-acef-a3a35d253bb0
Madison Castillo
Instructor Tenorio
ENGL 1120-007
Research Unit Reflection
Research Foundations – How did the annotated bibliography shape your approach to the research paper? In what ways did it help you refine your research question, focus your thesis, and organize your evidence?
The annotated bibliography helped shape my research paper by giving me many perspectives about the benefits of AI in productions. This has also helped me write my thesis. I had many questions to ask about AI because I didn’t know all that much about AI. I had a few questions written down and a concept thesis. Using what I have learned about Social Media’s AI and using artists' artwork to train their systems, I was able to research my topic. With all the sources I have been reading I was able to understand my topic even more. This helped me narrow down my questions and shape my thesis.
Evaluating Sources – Looking back, what criteria did you use to decide whether a source was credible and useful? Were there any sources you rejected, and why?
Some sources had a link to the author’s information like their education, job and other works. I also checked if the sources were peer reviewed. When reading through the sources I also tried making sure that the authors weren’t biased or anything. Most sources were very informative and provided different perspectives about the negatives and benefits of AI usage in different creative fields. The sources I chose were mostly about Generative-AI but other sources I found were about specific platforms like ChatGPT and OpenAI I believe. I did provide a source that was specifically about ChatGPT. Though when searching for sources I did find that most authors were for AI being used in the creative fields not only for the benefits I specified but for the people that do not have the artistic ability to create such things as professionals do.
Developing Your Argument – How did your thesis evolve as you moved from the annotated bibliography to the full paper? Describe moments where your research challenged your assumptions or forced you to rethink your claim.
My thesis evolved a few more times as I wrote my paper because I just had a hard time finding the right words to make my claim. I had a few moments during my research that challenged my assumptions of my argument, and it made me doubtful about my paper because of how many other papers I found that were pro-AI. But it doesn’t sit right with me about the fact that AI systems use the works of other artists to create an image instantly. It just feels wrong.
Writing Process – What specific strategies (drafting, outlining, revising, peer feedback, etc.) were most helpful in completing the paper? What challenges did you face, and how did you overcome them?
I find that creating an outline of my paper was very helpful in organizing my topics. Because it makes the paper feel less scary, you could say. The topics I wanted to write about felt easier to do as it was broken up. When writing in my outline I had multiple drafts of my topics before I wrote a semi-final draft of the paper. When writing papers, I usually like to take a few days break from it, to have a fresh mindset when working on it again. I find that this helps me see mistakes that I hadn’t noticed before. Then I write the final draft and revise my paper a bit more after. Lastly, I proofread my work to check for any more errors like grammatical errors or if a sentence is too wordy. During my process I had writer’s block multiple times which stressed me out to the point of holding off on the assignment all together to get in the right headspace to complete it.
Presentation Skills – How did transforming your paper into a presentation change the way you thought about your audience, tone, or delivery? What did you learn about communicating ideas beyond the written page?
Transforming my paper into a presentation changed the way I thought about my delivery. I wanted my audience to understand the negatives about AI but still see some of the benefits to it. Though I feel I could’ve done better communicating my ideas in the text of my presentation. I wrote my information the way I did because I wanted my audience to be able to skim through the information easily and be able to listen to what I had to say. What I learned about communicating ideas beyond the page was that it can be difficult explaining my topic. I will be honest; I was very thankful to have my presentation as a video. This allowed me to speak significantly better than how I would’ve during class. The only problem I had was self-sabotage, I was still nervous about my presentation being shown in front of the class, I did notice my voice was still a little shaky in the video.
Personal and Social Relevance – How does your topic matter to you personally, and how is it significant for your community, New Mexico, or a larger cultural/social context?
This topic matters to me because I’m an artist and have many relatives who are passionate artists. I love to experiment with different mediums, but my main skill set is in digital illustration. I’ve spent almost 7 years of my life learning and improving my drawing skills digitally. Not including the years before that drawing traditionally. Having this passion in art it’s pretty disappointing seeing so much work put into these pieces being taken to train AI and having said AI create an image in a matter of seconds. I’ve noticed a lot of people, including big companies, use AI to create images because it’s cheaper and faster. This makes me worried for my future as I'm pursuing a degree in Film and Digital Arts. This is significant to my community because many people in my community are artists as well.
Future Growth – What skills or insights from this multi-step project will you carry into future courses, your career, or other aspects of your life? What would you do differently next time to strengthen your research and writing process?
I want to improve my future annotations in bibliographies because this was very helpful in finding reliable sources. I will also be practicing more on my revision skills as it's very helpful to make my writing clearer. These skills will be very helpful for the rest of my college education. The next time I work on a research paper or similar project I will engage in more peer reviews. This will help me find errors that I might miss and to improve other areas of my paper. I will also spend more time on the revising process as it can take a while to edit the paper.