Graffiti Tourism: From Mark Makers to Mark Seekers by Emma Bryning, PhD researcher working on a collaborative project with the Department of Archaeology at the University of York and English Heritage. Email: emma.bryning@york.ac.uk and Twitter: @EmmaVBryning. This work is part of an event for #pilgrimCHAT, a series of events taking place across November 2021 for the Contemporary & Historical Archaeology in Theory conference. A presentation based on the above title and photographs featured on this page will take place on Friday November 5th at 8pm (GMT). A full abstract and further details about the event can be found at: https://pilgrimchat.chat-arch.org/?page_id=39

Left Image: Stokesay Castle graffiti. Image description: Modern bubble letter graffiti spelling out 'CATH' found at Stokesay Castle in Shropshire, highlighted by a light from a phone shining onto the piece. The piece is among a number of tourist graffiti marks at Stokesay Castle left in the 20th and 21st centuries. Stokesay Castle is managed by English Heritage and has beend described as 'one of the best-preserved fortified manor houses in England (Summerson 2012, 1). Location data: 52.430386987690305, -2.8308876576780464

Right Image: Mural by Tankpetrol of A Clockwork Orange writer Anthony Burgess. Image description: Large mural portrait of Anthony Burgess, using a brown, orange and black colour palette, accompanied by the quote from Burgess, 'We can destroy what we have written, we cannot unwrite it'. The mural was created as part of the Cities of Hope Street Art Festival in 2016 in Manchester's Northern Quarter. It is located near to another piece from the 2016 festival, Hyuro's 'War Impact on Childrens' Lives'. Location data: 53.48452488105249, -2.2349962950725164

Left Image: Masked person and contemporary graffiti. Image description: Photograph showing a person, wearing a white t-shirt, blue shorts and a medical mask, standing in front of shop shutters covered in contemporary graffiti. This image was taken as restrictions lifted following the first UK lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic, during my first trip to Manchester since before the lockdown. Location data: 53.48421720998359, -2.2370712721949597

Right Image: Underpass graffiti on the University of York campus. Image description: Series of contemporary graffiti tags and pieces seen on both sides of an underpass and around its entrance on the University of York campus. Location data: 53.94992888177466, -1.0583639535367266

Above image: 18th-century graffiti from Thornton Abbey and Gatehouse in Lincolnshire. Image description: Carved historic graffiti of 'WD E B 1786; P HOLLING WUIT? 1903; LA HURGN'?. Thornton Abbey and Gatehouse is one of England's largest and finest fortified gatehouses which was part of one of Britain's richest Augustinian abbeys. It is currently managed by English Heritage but is currently closed for essential conservation work. It contains a huge number of graffiti, estimated to be in the thousands, from the 18th to the 21st centuries. Location data: 53.655756442979694, -0.3138046239021416

Left Image: Prisoner of War Graffiti at Portchester Castle, Portchester, Hampshire. Image description: Image shows an example of the historic graffiti at Portchester Castle carved in the late-18th century by French prisoners of war around the time of the Napoleonic Wars. This piece of graffiti is located towards the top of the stairs to the roof of the keep, and includes the words 'LA ROCHELLE'. The site is also under the management of English Heritage. Location data: 50.837711590871365, -1.1137592730691555

Right Image: Reddish Vale Viaduct Graffiti. Image description: Image of part of the Reddish Vale Viaduct, located in Stockport in Greater Manchester, photographed from below in Reddish Vale. A number of names can be seen written at the top of the bridge, including 'SIOBHAN' and 'JONNY', as well as the word 'STEAK' and a number of other unindentified words. Location data: 53.43816714419489, -2.141877967792253

Left image: Modern graffiti on the roof at Portchester Castle. Image description: The photograph shows some modern graffiti scratched into the metal roof of the keep with the words, 'JOSE TIAGO JUDITE 05-03-1989? (and in bigger letters) PORTUGAL' and 'SUSBIN (heart) Jenny' among a number of graffiti marks below. Location data: 50.837711590871365, -1.1137592730691555

Right image: Graffiti on the Portchester Castle Roof. Image description: Image of part of the keep roof at Portchester castle, which has a variety of modern graffiti marks carved into the metal roof. The keep roof seems to have the highest concentration of modern tourist graffiti on-site and these more modern marks are located near to the prisoner of war graffiti which have largely been carved into the staircase between the third floor and the roof of the keep. Location data: 50.837711590871365, -1.1137592730691555

Above image: Train station graffiti in the village of Slaithwaite (Slawit), West Yorkshire. Image description: Photograph of the railway tracks leading to Slaithwaite train station from the top of some of the railway steps. The edge of the train platform can be seen and fields can also be viewed in the background, illustrating the site's rural locatoon. Graffiti tags and pieces can be seen in the foreground, in yellow and white, and in the background of the image, including a graffiti piece of 'NSA' in blue on the other side of the train tracks. Location data: 53.62389997884618, -1.881449857639401

Left image: Mural of the late comedian and actress, Victoria Wood, on the side of a tattoo parlour in Prestwish painted for the annual Prestwish Arts Festival in 2019 by the renowned street artist Akse 19. Wood (1953-2016) was borin in Prestwich in the north of England. She wrote and co-starred in the critcally acclaimed television show dinnerladies and became one of Britain's most popular stand-up comedians. The mural depicts the head and shoulders of Wood, a white woman with short blonde hair, against a black background and accompanied by the words, 'I am going up North. It's a compulsion with me'. This is the first part of a popular joke from Wood which finished with the punchline, '...Even in Tesco, I head straight for the freezer cabinets on the back wall'. Location data: 53.53069969994911, -2.2662768729831106

Right image: Contemporary graffiti at Roche Abbey. Image description: Photograph of one of the interior walls of the gatehouse at Roche Abbey, a Monastery of the Cistercian order founded in the 12th-century and now in the management of English heritage. Although a part of the architecture of the site, the gatehouse is located outside of the ticket entrance to Roche Abbey, meaning that people can visit it without entering the offical entrance to the heritage site. It was visited by a number of people during the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK in spring 2020, when the rest of the site was closed, and a number of people appear to have continued to leave their mark on the gatehouse walls. Location data: 53.40265998301658, -1.1835328594927768

Above image: Ruff Cutts graffiti art on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal in Oldham. Image Description: Graffiti piece shown on a maintenance structure with a pink background and a white and blue illustration of a tree-inspired face with the tag 'rUFF cUTTS 20'. A yellow tag can be found to the left and a blue tag and a stick person on another side of the structure to the right. This piece was found along the Huddersfield Narrow Canal in Uppermill, Oldham, Greater Manchester. Location data: 53.55102483567131, -2.0077351036637814

Left image: Carved graffiti left at the top of the South Tower roof of Stokesay Castle in Shropshire. Image description: Historic carved graffiti 'C J Coor?' seen on the horizontal edge at the bottom of the gap between one of the battlements, with a view of grass and trees in the background. Location data: 52.43049165377732, -2.830876928842878

Right image: Peterloo mural by international graffiti artist Axel Void on one of the exterior walls of the People's History Museum in Manchester. Image description: Mural by Axel Void as a commemoration of the Peterloo Massacre, created in 2019 to mark the bicentenary of the event. The Peterloo Massacre took place at St Peter's Field in Manchester on the 16th August 1819; 18 people died and an estimated 700 were injured when several hundred infantry men charged at protestors as they participated in a pro-democracy and anti-poverty protest. The piece was created as part of a collaboration between Cities of Hope, Axel Void and the People's History Museum in Manchester. The 9mx9m piece of street art on the museum's riverside wall was created as a 'tribute to the sacrifices of ordinary people, a tribute to those with nothing who gave their everything, to stand against injustice' (Axel Void). The piece shows a Black Mancunian young woman wearing a white t-shirt and holding her young son, Ezra. It refers to the first vicitim of Peterloo who was a two-year old child, Willim Fildes, who was thrust from his mother's arms as she fled soldiers charging on horses. As the daughter of a Windrush victim, the work connects the injustice of the present with the injustice of the past. For information on the work cn be found at: https://phm.org.uk/axelvoid/. Location data: 53.481637838688876, -2.2529143459957077.

Left Image: Graffiti tags and pieces on the steps to Oxford Road Station, from Wakefield Street, in Manchester. Image description: This photograph shows a series of steps from a vantage point at the top of the staircase with graffiti tags and throw-ups - in a variety of colours including white, yellow, red and blue - and a blue handrail seen on both walls either side of the steps. Further graffiti can be seen in the distance around the edge of a tunnel which leads to a venue. A silver car and a tree can also be seen in the distance. Location data: 53.47368096591746, -2.2406238441497877

Right Image: 'GARSIDE HAS DEFINATLY BEEN HERE AT SOME POINT' pen graffiti on a lamp post at Sam's Road carpark in Diggle, Oldham. Image description: This image shows a close-up of a lamp post with a dry stone wall behind. Someone has written 'GARSIDE HAS DEFINATLY (sic) BEEN HERE AT SOME POINT' in pen on the post. This graffiti was found in the Sam Road car park in Diggle, Oldham, Greater Manchester. Location data: 53.56869688793882, -1.9918497745935675

Left Image: 19th-century graffiti from Thornton Abbey and Gatehouse in Lincolnshire. Image description: Carved historic graffiti of 'BC HULL 1830'. The graffitist likely came from or was connected to Kingston upon Hull, known as Hull, a city in East Yorkshire and located about 16 miles away. Thornton Abbey and Gatehouse is one of England's largest and finest fortified gatehouses which was part of one of Britain's richest Augustinian abbeys. It is currently managed by English Heritage but is currently closed for essential conservation work. It contains a huge number of graffiti, estimated to be in the thousands, from the 18th to the 21st centuries. Location data: 53.655756442979694, -0.3138046239021416

Right Image: Graffiti letters scratched into stone looking across the Oldham landscape. Image description: Graffiti letters (including multiple Bs, T, J G and C) scratched into the Pots and Pans Stone from lots of different directions, known locally as the Druid's Stone, in Uppermill, Greater Manchester, looking across the Oldham landscape. Location data: 53.54375365903382, -1.985460406724901

Above Image: Mural of footballer and campaigner Marcus Rashford by Akse 19 located in Withington, Manchester, based on a photograph by Daniel Cheetham. Image desscription: A mural of Manchester United footballer and social campaigner, Marcus Rashford, created by graffiti artist Akse P19 on the walls of the Coffee House Cafe on Copson Street, Withington, Manchester painted in tribute to Rashford in November 2020. The black and white mural depicts Rashford, with his head slightly turned, looking into the street, with a quote in white letters, 'Taking pride in knowing that your struggle will play the biggest role in your purpose'. The mural was repaired by Akse and a number of colourful wall tributes were later left on the pieve after it was vandalised following the defeat of the England football team in the European Championship final in 2021. Players such as Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka were subjected to racist abuse on social media following the loss and expletives directed at these players were written on the mural. An anti-racism demonstration was held in front of the mural shortly after with those attending taking the knee. Rashford is a campaigner against racism, child hunger and homelessness. In 2020 he wrote an open letter to the UK Govenment calling for an end to UK Child Poverty and his support is seen to be instrumental in a change in governmental policy to extend free school meals for children during the summer holidays. Location data: 53.43414676124333, -2.2300123001480507

Left Image: SAVE OUR NHS (National Health Service) graffiti. Image description: 'SAVE OUR NHS' graffiti written onto a traffic bollard photographed from the passenger seat of a car on Hyde Road, Manchester. A white care can be seen driving along the road next to the bollard and the left wing mirror of the passenger's car can also be seen in the image. Since 1948 the National Health Service (NHS) has been funded out of general taxation as part of major social reforms following the Second World War. It provides a range of health services which are free at the point of care. The involvement of the privte sector in the NHS is a highly controversial topic with some believing that it is being privatised by stealth. Location data: 53.45835281543431, -2.1603947293681887

Right Image: University of York campus graffiti. Image description: 'KEEP YOUR HEAD UP' graffiti art from an underpass on the University of York campus. The image shows a graffiti piece of two eyes painted in light green and white with the words 'keep your head up' underneath' on a wall at the edge of an underpass. A variety of other graffiti marks can also be seen, predominantly tags, and a yellow bollard can be seen in the foreground. Location data: 53.94992888177466, -1.0583639535367266

Above Image: Graffiti tags along an A road, major road that links towns and cities, in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire. Image description: Graffiti tags left on a road sign along Clifton Boulevard near the river Trent crossing in Nottingham. A few tags, including 'HC' and 'REW' can be seen at the bottom of the road sign, accessed via the pedestrian path next to the road', alongside a 50 miles per house speed sign. A blue sky can be seen in the background, as well as trees along the A Road and the road sign reads, 'City Centre (A 453) Queens Drive Ind. Estate (arrow)' and 'Lenton Industrial Estate (arrow)'. Location data: 52.92917783167934, -1.1691037710606618

Left Image: Slowly disappearing street art in Manchester's Northern Quarter. Image description: Street Art poster which has slowly ripped away, demonstrating the ephemerality of such works. The black and white poster depicts a woman, whose face can no longer be seen, and a title and paragraph, some of which is now missing too. The piece had previously been seen by the photographer earlier that year, when it was in a better condition, and it referenced a 'muse'. Location data approximate: 53.48295608219006, -2.2345523594901513

Right Image: Vegan graffiti in chalk. Image description: 'GO VEGAN ARE KID' graffiti in Manchester City Centre written in blue chalk. 'Our Kid' is commonly used as an efefctionate term for a younger family member or friend, usually the younger brother or sister of the speaker. It is commonly used in the North West of England in cities and areas such as around Liverpool and Manchester, and in Yorkshire. Location data approximate: 53.48184670191964, -2.23292067133271

Above Image: BLM sticker graffiti. Image description: BLACK LIVES MATTER sticker graffiti from June 2020 taken during the Black Lives Matter protest in Manchester in June 2020. The sticker has been left at the top of a pedestrian crossing button where a red man is lit up showing pedestrians that they should not be crossing the road at this moment. A 216 Stagecoach bus can be seen on the road turning on the corner and heading to Ashton. A variety of graffiti marks were left during this BLM protest in Manchester, including a number of handmade stickers. Unlike stickers often used in graffiti in street art, many of these did not have a waterproof film. It rained before this photo was taken and rained again heavily after. As they were not waterproof it was unlikely that many of these stickers would have lasted longer than a couple of days or weeks. Like a lot of graffiti, the message left by the graffitist can instead only be seen in its photographic representation. Location data: 53.48124824185419, -2.2356306074682415

Left Image: Lincoln Cathedral graffiti. Image description: 'JW 1256 TW 1841' in Lincoln Cathedral, taken during a graffiti tour of Lincoln Cathedral led by Colin Shields. The stone on which the graffiti has been left has slowly darkened as a result of visitors touching it, unintentionally leaving their own mark behind. Colin Shields pointed out that, although this piece attracts a lot of attention due to the early date inscribed into the stone, it is not thought to be from this time but from a much later date. This was evidenced by the modern version of the 'J' in the graffiti. A 19th-century graffiti date can be seen underneath. Location data: 53.234457321615004, -0.5360263306630771

Right Image: Lighting up historic graffiti. Image description: Light shining on 'S Fel' graffiti carved into the walls of Lincoln Cathedral. A large light is held by someone, though only their hand and the light can be seen lit up in the darkness and in frame. The light is being shone onto the wall to highlight the graffiti that has been carved there. Location data: 53.234457321615004, -0.5360263306630771

Left Image: Tourist Graffiti at Old Wardour Castle. Image description: 'PETER SAŠA Ž 23.8.1996' graffiti carefully scratched into a stone wall at Old Wardour Castle in Salisbury. Location data: 51.0365067108838, -2.089015019084958

Middle Image: Tourist graffiti at Old Wardour Castle. Cantonese character graffiti delicately carved into as stone wall at Old Wardour Castle in Salisbury, potentially reads '(name) has been here at some point'? but unsure at this moment in time. Location data: 51.0365067108838, -2.089015019084958

Right Image: Tourist graffiti at Old Wardour Castle. 'Eider was in England' graffiti written in pen on a white plaster wall on Old Wardour Castle in Salisbury. Location data: 51.0365067108838, -2.089015019084958

Above Image: Carved graffiti on Marden Moor. Image description: Graffiti carved into a rock which states 'PAT RIGG' and 'DI...' underneath on Marsden Moor in West Yorkshire with a man behind looking off across the moor in the distance. The photograph was inspired by the painting 'Wander Above the Sea Fog' by Casper David Friedrich showing a man on a rocky precipice with his back to the viewer and the landscape in the distance. From the position and location of the graffiti, it is likely that the graffitist would have been looking at the view across Marsden Moor as well. A number of graffiti pieces have been found throughout the research process which are taken from vantage points or overlook large sections of land. Location data: 53.595056431263366, -1.9531181912004938

Above Image: Collection of graffiti pieces in Gorton, Manchester. Image description: Series of graffiti pieces from well-known graffiiti writers/artists including BNG and Good Life. The graffiti wall can be found on Ashbury's Wall by Good Life, a semi-legal wall located off Gorton Road and Ashton Old Road in Gorton, Manchester. The graffiti wall is on a building, with the graffiti pieces shown on two walls of the building on the bend of a road. A white van can be seen parked on the road and a number of flats can be seen in the background. A variety of vibrant colours are used in the various graffiti pieces, with the wall standing out against the grey clouds in the sky. Location data: 53.47455819882097, -2.2047390365764623

Left Image: 21st century Orford Castle graffiti. Image desciption: 'JO SULLIVAN 2005' carved graffiti located on the interior walls of Orford Castle in Suffolk. Location data: 52.09431585082225, 1.530720811629864

Right Image: Early 17th century Orford Castle Graffiti. Image description: 'TOBIAS CARIG? 1621' carved graffiti located on the interior walls of Orford Castle in Suffolk, on a pillar of the staircase leading up the castle to the top of the keep. Location data: 52.09431585082225, 1.530720811629864

Left Image: You are beautiful graffiti. Image description: 'You are beautiful' graffiti in the Nortern Quarter in Manchester, painted in red on a brick wall with a white graffiti mark underneath which has been covered up by the red mark. Location data estimated: 53.48414018704986, -2.234304729367968

Right Image: I will make the world better sticker graffiti. Image description: 'TODAY I WILL MAKE THE WORLD, THAT LITTLE BIT BETTER THAN YESTERDAY' sticker graffiti by Riff Raff found on Mosley Street in Manchester near to Piccadilly Gardens. Photographed in June 2020. Location data estimated: 53.480945364536, -2.239123730655044

Above Image: Graffiti tags by PEAK. Image description: Photograph showing three tags in different colours on the streets of Gorton, Manchester by graffiti writer PEAK. One tag in red by PEAK can be seen on the side of a green electric box on the pavement, next to other smaller graffiti marks, and another tag by PEAK can be seen in black on the top of the electric box. A final third graffiti tag by PEAK can be partially seen on a pole behind the electric box. A road can be seen behind the pavement and a person's feet can be just seen in the top-left corner of the image as they cross the road. Location data estimated: 53.44971190854146, -2.1839097576490563

Left Image: A variety of Graffiti tags by PEAK on the side of a building. Image description: A series of graffiti tags and pieces can be seen left on a building in Greenbank Playing Fields, Manchester, by graffiti writer Peak. These marks include a simple plack tag in the foreground and two much larger throw-ip pieces in the distance, including one in blocky yellow letters and another made using black paint. A gate can be seen dividing up the area between the tag and the two throw-up pieces. Location data estimated: 53.44684335912345, -2.1818535514561948

Right Image: Two graffiti tags by PEAK. Image description: Two graffiti tags by PEAK, can be seen, one directly above the other, located on a sign for Broom Lane Environmental Substation near to Chapel Street Park in Manchester. Location data estimated: 53.44684335912345, -2.1818535514561948

Left Image: Aborglyph graffiti in Didsbury, Manchester. Image description: Aborglyph (tree graffiti) left in Fletcher Moss Park in Didsbury, Manchester. Graffiti marks had been left by a number of people along a row of trees on either side of the pathway in the park, including love hearts and names. Location data: 53.40971755322735, -2.2337625525815037

Right Image: DONE graffiti piece in Wilford, Nottingham. Image description: Graffiti piece by DONE left under Clifton Boulevard on Clifoton Lane in Nottingham. The graffiti piece has been created in large silver letters with a black outline making the letters appear more 3D. A woman can be seen walking on the path in the background of the image, having walked past the graffiti. Location data: 52.92382252547726, -1.1651770174051506

Above Image: Greta or the Girl Gremlin on the Fallowfield Loop in Manchester. Image description: Graffiti art inspired by the Girl Gremlin, also known as Greta, from the film Gremlins 2: New Batch with the words, 'KEEP YA GREMLINS OUTA DA SUN'. Greta is shown wearing purple eyeshadow, pink lips and a white and black crop/biking top and skirt, with black high heeled shoes. Another writer has responded 'KEEP IT UP' in refernece to this piece of graffiti art. The piece is just one of many graffiti works which can be found along the Fallowfield loop in Manchester, an off-road cycle path, pedestrian and horseriding route follwoing the former route of Fallowfield Loop railyway line which was closed in 1988. Location data: 53.44946457927422, -2.167468567385821

Left Image: Anti-graffiti sign at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire: Image description: Anti-graffiti sign located in Kirby Hall, an Elizabethen country house in Northamptonshire cared for by English Heritage, from the 1880s. The sign warns visitors that they will be prosecuted if they are found defacing or writing their name on the building. Only part of the poster remains, with some parts of it missing from each side. Location data: 52.52462831149357, -0.6369510018508636

Right Image: Kelly Family Outing Graffiti. Image description: 'KELLY FAMILY OUTING 2021' graffiti found scratched into the inside of a fireplace in the West Lodgings of Kirby Hall. Location data: 52.52462831149357, -0.6369510018508636

Left Image: 19th century graffiti at Lilleshall Abbey. Image description: Historic graffiti with the words 'T LLOYD 1888' graffiti carved into the stone above a window in a tower at Lilleshall Abbey in Newport. Another graffiti piece showing a small crown can be seen to the left of the T LLOYD piece. Location data: 52.72455355034127, -2.394105201844416

Right Image: Irrantional Heritage sticker. Image description: 'IRRATIONAL HERITAGE SIGN: On 18th September 1947 In this location The...erm...hang on...ahhh...give me a second...wait, it'll come to me...' blue sticker graffiti with a fake English Heritage logo. Found as an unofficial part of the Gorton Heritage Trail in Manchester. The sticker references blue plaques, a scheme run by English Heritage in London and by local governance outside of London, which recognises and signposts notable figures of the past and buildings where they lived and worked. Location data estimated: 53.45814657500885, -2.1582383348936394

Left Image: Sticker graffiti on Oxford Road, Manchester. Image description: 'TRANS RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS' sticker graffiti and an 'URBAN ARTISTRY' sticker on Oxford Road in Manchester. A variety of stickers can be found on Oxford Road in Manchester, including many protest based pieces. The road runs near to two universities in the city, Manchester University and Manchester Metropolitan University, and the Royal Northern College of Music. Consequently, a high-number of students study and pass through this area. Location data estimated: 53.46877707466348, -2.2358262988978916

Middle Image: Sticker graffiti on Oxford Road, Manchester. Image description: 'rs21 SHUT DOWN FOSSIL CAPITAL' sticker graffiti on Oxford Road in Manchester. Location data estimated: 53.46877707466348, -2.2358262988978916

Right Image: Sticker graffiti on Oxford Road, Manchester. Image description: 'PRISONS ARE FOR BURNING' and 'WARPED' sticker graffiti on Oxford Road in Manchester. Location data estimated: 53.46877707466348, -2.2358262988978916

Above Image: Mid 18th-century carved graffiti on Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire. Image description: Carved graffiti writing 'John Goodall 1753 (date underlined)' in an upside down triange with a decorative square at the top, found on a stone walls at Kenilworth Castle and Elizabethen Gardens in Warwickshire. Other less-clear graffuti marks can also be seen in the image. Location data: 52.34831344081457, -1.5921394883620197

Left Image: Phlegm's Message in a Bottle, Manchester. Image description: Message in a Bottle street artwork by Phlegm, located on Cable Street in Manchester. The piece was created for the Cities of Hope street art festival in 2016. This Manchester based black and white artwork depicts a city inside a bottle and is a comment on sustainability. A variety of other graffiti tags and a 'TO LET' sign can be seen on the the building next door and below the bottle street art. Location data: 53.48588241816105, -2.2337133823567314

Right Image: Bailon's Still, Manchester. Image description: Still by Mateus Bailon. A large-scale vibrant mural painted on one side of a building in the Northern Quatrter in Manchester, depicting colourful blue, pink and white birds, and green leaves. A red staircase can be seen on a building in the background, with a variety of graffiti tags created by accessing the exterior of the building at various heights using the stairs. Location data: 53.48244167717637, -2.231844017160526

Left Image: 19th century tourist graffiti at Kirby Hall. Image description: 'L C Richards Oundle Aug 17th 1880' on a column in the clositers at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. According to a piece of visitor research, Lacy Colbert Richards (1860-1950) was also born in Oundle. Like Willim Bennett, Lacy Colbert Richards would also have been aged 20 when visiting but was working at the time as a tailor in Nuneaton. As both men came to visit the site on the same day, came from the same market town, were the same age, and their marks were found around the corner from one another, they likely visited the hosue together on August 17th 1880. Location data: 52.52462831149357, -0.6369510018508636

Right Image: 19th century tourist graffiti at Kirby Hall. Image description: 'W BENNETT Oundle aug 17th 1880' on a column in the cloisters at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. According to a piece of visitor research, William Bennett (1860/61-1942) was born in Oundle. He would have been aged 20 when visiting, he was recorded in a census as still living at home in Oundle at this moment and was working as a Painter Journeyman. Location data: 52.52462831149357, -0.6369510018508636

Above Image: Kirby Hall 19th-century tourist graffiti in context. Image description: A column in the cloisters of Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire where the historic tourist graffiti of W Bennett and LC Richards can be found, with the East Lodgings and Courtyard in the distance. Location data: 52.52462831149357, -0.6369510018508636

Left Image: Sticker graffiti at the National Football Museum in Manchester. Image Description: A high number and wide range of sticker graffiti can be seen on a sign at the Footmall Museum in Manchester, which says 'SKILL ART FAITH STYLE PASSION'. The majority of these stickers are football related, either referring to the sport generally but mostly they reference specific football clubs. Location data: 53.48604468948486, -2.242219174830744

Right Image: Tourist graffiti at Helmsley Castle in North Yorkshire. Image description: A variety of carved and scracted graffiti marks can be seen in this image of a close-up of the main gatehouse at Helmsley Castle in North Yorkshire, including 'I.N.H 1817'. Location data: 54.24483562275026, -1.064354147816862

Above Image: Helmsley Castle, North Yorkshire. Image description: This photograph shows the entrance to the Gatehouse at Helmsley Castle in North Yorkshire, with three sculpture figures seen in the foreground. The tourist graffiti in the gatehouse is one of the few examples of graffiti being mentioned in an English Heritage guidebook for a site. In the guidebook for Helmsley Castle, author John R Kenyon refers how 'Graffiti carved by visitors from the 17th century onwards can be seen on either side of the entrance'. Location data:54.24483562275026, -1.064354147816862

Left Image: Shoe graffiti at Lincoln Cathedral in Lincolnshire. Image description: Photograph of a light being shone on a graffiit carving of the outline of a shoe discussed during the graffiti tour at Lincoln Catehdral. The Norfolk Mediveal Graffiti Survey state that hands and shoes are a 'universal motif which can be found all over the country, and throughout history'; are particularly personal and individual, and may be linked in some contexts to sites of pilgrimage or could be memorial in nature. Location data: 53.23444447829673, -0.5360370594982453

Right Image: Shoe graffiti on the roof of Deal Castle in Kent. Image description: an outline of a shoe can be seen scratched into the lead roof at Deal Castle with what appears to be an 'M' scratched into the lead in the middle of the shoe. Another piece of shoe graffiti can be seen scratched into the lead roof on the right of the image, but the shoe outlines do not seem to match one another. Location data: 51.219572216930196, 1.4031101716899095

Left Image: Graffiti drawing on display at Deal Castle in Kent. Image description: A drawing of a foot on black paper in pencil with 'KELLY B 1979- WOZ ERE 20/8/2021' displayed in the Grafiti lounge at Deal Castle in Kent. Other drawings are also pictured in the image including a heart.. Location data: 51.219572216930196, 1.4031101716899095

Right Image: Shoe graffiti at Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire. Image description: Shoe graffiti located in the Terrace Range at Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire. The front of the show points downwards in the bottom right hand side of the image and details have been carved alongside the show outline. Other graffiti marks can be seen in the image including '1889' 'J' and 'J.R.CLEE'. Some of the wall has eroded and fallen away, so some of the graffiti may have been lost from these surfaces. Location data: 53.23090154609394, -1.2957524729928789

Above Image: Historic carved prisoner graffiti at Dover Castle in Kent. Image description: This image shows an elaborate and heavily detailed piece of graffiti including a cross, heart, flowers and letters, created by French prisoners of war imprisoned in the castle during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). A red curtain can be seen to the left side of the image. Many of the prisoners kept int he keep made their mark on the medieval walls of the castle keep in which they were imrpisoned. Location data: 51.12892584095344, 1.3233588115992931

Left Image: Paris Road Graffiti: Image description: Graffiti along the A6A road through Paris taken as a passenger in a car. The graffiti is mostly green with some leave and white flowers painted, with orange letters to the left side of the work up the roadside. A large domed building can be seen behind the graffiti wall. Location data estimated 48.809977841793284, 2.3481720080908906

Right Image: Eleven mural in Manchester. Image description: Mural of Eleven from Stranger Things by street artist Akse 19 located at Copperas Street in Manchester. The mural depicts the character of Eleven, played by Millie Bobby Brown, with her hair half tied up with a yellow scrunchie, staring at the stree and brows furrowed, and wearing a blue and pink shirt. The backgrounf is black, expect for a pinkish red outline around Eleven. Location data: 53.48464066146006, -2.2363373441494327

Left Image: 21st century graffiti at Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire. Image description: Pencil graffiti of a right hand with '2019 VICTORIA DWYER' located on the roof of the keep at Conisbrough Castle in South Yorkshire. Location data: 53.48453298231212, -1.2258724459956236

Right Image: 21st century graffiti at Conisbrough Castle, South Yorkshire. Image description: Pencil graffiti of a right hand with 'GEORGE DWYER 2019' located on the roof of the keep at Conisbrough Castle in South Yorkshire. Location data: 53.48453298231212, -1.2258724459956236

Above Image: Modern graffiti at Stokesay Castle. Image description: 'HELLO ITS ME' scratched graffiti found at Stokesay Castle in Shropshire. A pentagram star and 'HERE' can also be seen in the image, alongside a crack in the wall on the right hand side. Location data: 51.44719011791183, 0.04849034044448919

Left Image: 19th-century Lilleshall Abbey graffiti. Image description: Carved graffiti of 'WG BETTISON MAY 19 1824' found at Lilleshall Abbey, a former Augustinian Abbey in Shropshire. Location data: 52.34831344081457, -1.5921394883620197

Middle Image: Modern graffiti on the lead roof at Conisbrough Castle. Image description: 'Jenica has been here' pencil graffiti found on the roof of the keep at Conisbrough Castle in South Yorkshire. Location data: 53.48453298231212, -1.2258724459956236

Right Image: 20th century graffiti at Stokesay Castle, Shropshire. Image description: 'M Wright Dudley (1959)' pencil graffiti found at Stokesay Castle in Shropshire. Location data: 52.43042623750207, -2.830941301853887

Above image: A version of 'I was here' type graffiti at Stokesay Castle, Shropshire. Image description: 'Katie woz ere' pencil graffiti found at Stokesay Castle in Shropshire. 'I was here' style graffiti can be found at lots of different heritage sites and tourist attractions, with derviations on how the words are spelt depending on the writer and their dialect. Location data: 52.43042623750207, -2.830941301853887

Left Image: That moment just before by C215. Image description: Street Art work created by C215 on Warwick Street in Manchester. The work is based on a photograph taken by local photographer Lee Jeffries who is known for his portrait series of homeless people. The photograph that this street art piece is based on is called That moment just before which shows an older couple as they are about to kiss. This piece is no longer visible in person but can currently be viewed using the street view of Google Maps. Location data: 53.483605517384, -2.233293722682462

Right Image: Northern Quarter Herbarium at HOME in Manchester. Image desciption: Northern Quarter Herbarium by James Campbell, a piece of art from the Manchester Open Exhibition 2020 at HOME Cinema as part of Push Festival 2020. The artwork was submitted to the open exhibition and was listed as 510 in the catalogue; it shows a box with graffiti images on the inside, including in a book which could be opened. This is likely a reference to the black books that modern graffiti writers and artists traditionally used to plan and document their works. Location data: 53.47984468476383, -2.2326093288089153

Left Image: Photo of the lost maps and paintings at Eltham Palace, South London. Image description: Three planes flying in the sky, part of a mural at Eltham Palace in South London. In 2015, a team of specialist conservators uncovered and protected the map murals in what is now referred to as the Map Room. 11 maps were found depicting places across the globe, alongsde a number of wateroclour images depicting places and scenes from across the world, alongside images of travel, providing a further insight into the lives of Stephen and Virgina Courtauld, art collectors, philanthropists and travellers who lived at the site from 1933 until 1945. Location data: 51.44719011791183, 0.04849034044448919

Right Image: Photo of the lost maps and paintings at Eltham Palace, South London. Image description: A man walking outside with a pig, part of a mural at Eltham Palace in South London. The man is wearing a green top and har, brown trousers and green boots, and is walking on grass and followed by a small animal that appears to be a pig. Location data: 51.44719011791183, 0.04849034044448919

Left Image: Ship graffiti found at Lincoln Cathedral in Lincolnshire. Image description: A ;arge ship with multiple sails is shown carved into the stone walls at Lincoln Cathedral. The stone towards the bottom of the ship appears darker, potentially because it has been touched by later visitors to the church. Ships commonly feature in historic graffiti, including in sites such as cathedrals, churches and prisons. Although some of these marks may reference ships seen nearby, graffiti archaeologist Matthew Champion has pointed out that they can also be found inland and away from coastal areas, across the country. Location data: 53.23444447829673, -0.5360370594982453

Right Image: Photo of the lost maps and paintings at Eltham Palace, South London. Image description: Ship in the sea, part of a mural at Eltham Palace in South London. A shop with two sales has been painted in the Map Room, shown sailing along the sea. Location data: 51.44719011791183, 0.04849034044448919

Above Image: AY UP graffiti in Nottingham. Image description: 'AY UP' graffiti piece photographed on a stone wall next to the River Trent in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire. The letters have been painted in white and a black outline has been used. Green shubbery can be seen on the floor below the graffiti and there are trees growing along the path behind the wall. Further large-scale graffiti marks can be seen on the wall along the canal in the distance. 'Ay up' is a type of English slang for saying hello or, even, how are you. It is often used in the North of England and in the East Midlands; 'Ay up me duck' is a traditional phrase in Nottinghamshire. Location data: 52.93820636212864, -1.1567296157491282

Left Image: Paint the Trees by Martin Whatson. Image description: A street art piece inspired by environmentalism called Paint the Trees by Norwegian artist Martin Whatson on Faraday Street in Manchester. It depicts a person in black trousers, a green hoodie and a black hat, holding a spray can in both hands and painting a tree onto the wall. Location data: 53.48281223568923, -2.2327499594901816

Right Image: Protect our Wyldlife by Jim Vision. Image Description: Protect our Wyldlife mural by Jim Vision in Manchester's Northern Quarter, found on the junction of High Street and Thomas Street. The mural depicts a profile of a white woman's face with brown hair and grey eyes, next to a badger, robin, rabbit, fox and squirrel. In the background, trees have been painted against an orange backdrop. Location data: 53.484548015186775, -2.2369774357303562

Above Image: Layers of history; graffiti at Brougham Castle. Image description: A palimpsest of graffiti in the Oratory of Brougham Castle near Penrith in Cumbria. A huge number of graffiti marks have been drawn and written on top of one another on the plaster, some of which has been pencilled onto the plaster and some scratched into the surface. Some areas of the plaster have come off the wall, revealing the stone underneath. Location data: 54.65425449470341, -2.7187032729461227

Left Image: Early 18th century graffiti on a stone pillar at Canterbury Cathedral. Image description: '1702 T' graffiti at Canterbury Cathedral in Kent. The pillar with the graffiti can be seen in focus in the foreground on the right and a further pillar and visitors can be seen out of focus in the background. Location data: 51.27991116768225, 1.0828212557798826

Right Image: 21st century graffiti at Reynard's Cave, Derbyshire. Image description: Contemporary and more historic carved graffiti in Reynard's Cave in Dovedale, Derbyshire. A black paint or pen based mark is the central focus of the image, 'Be lit MILLIE 21 (heart)'. Location data: 53.06985638418362, -1.784985841063918

Left Image: 17th-century carved graffiti found at Canterbury Cathedral in Kent. Image description: A stone pillar can be seen in the foreground on the left, with chairs in the background facing towards the altar and another pillar can be seen on the other side of the church. Graffiti can be seen carved into the pillar including, 'TH 1667 (boxed)', 'RIS 1671?' and 'RW 1670? (boxed). Location data: 51.27991116768225, 1.0828212557798826

Right Image: View towards Reynard's Cave in Dovedale, Derbyshire. Image description: Reynard's cave can be seen in the distance of the photograph, with tall trees on either side of the entrance. A man wearing black and grey trousers, a grey top, a blue backpack and walking boots can be seen walking across the rocks on the hill up towards the cave. Location data: 53.06985638418362, -1.784985841063918

Above Image: Graffiti close-up in Manchester, with an arrow included in the design. Image description: Close-up of a graffiti piece on Ashbury's Wall by Good Life, a semi-legal wall located off Gorton Road and Ashton Old Road in Gorton, Manchester. This is a photograph of part of a piece on the wall created by the graffiti group Good Life. The work uses colours such as a variety of blues and greens, as well as white, black and red. Two arrows can be seen included in the design, often used in graffiti designs to suggest movement in the two-dimensional work and commonly found in graffiti works relating to the hip-hop movement. Location data: 53.47455819882097, -2.2047390365764623

Left Image: Mural painting with two puffins near the Barracks and Main Guard in Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland. Image description: Two puffins have been painted onto a grey wall, as part of a wider but simple mural, and are shown within the image. Due to the angle of the photograph and the placement of the work, one puffin appears to rest on a parking sign in front of the wall, 'Mon-Sat 8am-6pm', whilst another is shown to be in flight on the right hand side of the image. Location data: 55.77069147842552, -2.000466927557311

Right Image: Mural painting including a stork near the Barracks and Main Guard in Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland. Image description: Below the puffins, another character can be seen as part of the mural, that of a white stork, with black details and a orange beak and feet. The stork can be seen in the middle of the image, and is depicted in profile looking towards the left side of the photograph. Location data: 55.77069147842552, -2.000466927557311

Above Image: The Attic at Kirby Hall: Image description: Photograph of graffiti in the attic at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. The graffiti marks pictured were predominantly left by apprentices working at the site in the 1980s, and they were either scratched into the wall or drawnon in pencil. This area is currently inaccessible to the public for safety reasons, though visitors were allowed to have a look around when the graffiti archaeology research was being undertaken in this space. The attic at Kirby Hall was used as the setting for Fanny Price's bedroom during the filming of Mansfield Park (1999) at Kirby Hall. Location data: 52.52467400496452, -0.6369402730156954

Left Image: Attic graffiti at Kirby Hall: Image description: Pencil graffiti of two trowels found in one of the attic rooms at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. These drawings may have been left by one of the apprentices who were working at the site in the 1980s. Location data: 52.52467400496452, -0.6369402730156954

Middle Image: Attic graffiti at Kirby Hall: Image description: 'TANIA' and '3.45PM 20-5-81 WED CHLOE' found scratched into one of the walls in one of the attic rooms at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. This mark is believed to have been left by one of the apprentices who was working at the site in the 1980s. Location data: 52.52467400496452, -0.6369402730156954

Right Image: Attic graffiti at Kirby Hall: Image description: Pencil graffiti drawing of 'Den's Duck' in a graffiti frame which has been 'hung' on the wall, found in one of the attic rooms at Kirby Hall in Northamptonshire. Location data: 52.52467400496452, -0.6369402730156954

Left Image: Suspected Banksy in Manchester City Centre. Image description: Piece of graffiti art suspected to have been created by Banksy over ten years ago, covered in perspex by Manchester City Council which has subsequently been covered in graffiti, including a rooster with sunglasses and a message in yellow paint which reads, 'WILL YOU MARRY ME?'. A landscape image with trees has been painetd on the wall behind and then covered in tags in orange, pink, white and red paint. Although the perspex was used by the local council to protect the work underneath, the perspex has been covered in marks and rubbish and paint were placed into the gap between the wall and the perspex. Location data: 53.4833443024977, -2.2356784018198255

Right Image: Late 20th century tourist graffiti at Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire. Image desciption: 'PAM MITCH 1994' tourist graffiti found in the Terrace Range at Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire. The piece can be found on a piece of stone at the end of a wall between two rooms in the Terrace Range. Location data: 53.23088227951496, -1.2957632018280472

Left Image: Second World War Polish graffiti at Audley End House. Image description: Graffiti left in the Coal Gallery candle store in Audley End House, Essex, left by Polish Special Agents during the Second World War. A number of names have been written on the wall in pencil in the candle cupboard, with some of these later being crossed out. During the Second World War, Audley End House was used as a training base by the Polish section of the Special Operations Executive. The group of soldiers were known as the Cichociemni - the Silent Unseen - and were trained as Audley End before being dropped into occupied Poland between 1941 and 1945. A memorial was placed at the site in 1983 to commemorate the 112 Polish parachutists who lost their lived during the war and in the aftermath of the war. Location data: 52.02085770446505, 0.22054735395717778

Right Image: The Coal Gallery Candle Store at Audley End House. Image desription: Photograph of the Coal Gallery Candle Store where Second World War graffiti left by Polish Special Agents staying at Audley End House, Essex. The graffiti can be found to the right of the door (pictured), with shelves on the far-right hand side of the image and a number of candles have been placed on these shelves. Location data: 52.02085770446505, 0.22054735395717778

Above Image: Underpass graffiti on the Fallowfield Loop, Manchester. Image description: Graffiti next to and along a bridge underpass on the Fallowfield Loop in Manchester. A large graffiti piece created by Good Life can be seen to the left of the underpass in shades of orange, with a blue background, and using a circulr design with an arrow pointing towards the underpass. On the left side of the underpass itself, a another large piece of the word 'RAPTURE' can also be seen. A series of throw-ups can be seen in various colours can be seen to the right of the underpass entrance. Location data estimated: 53.44946457927422, -2.167468567385821

Left Image: Graffiti pieces found along the Fallowfield Loop in Manchester. Image description: A variety of graffiti pieces and throw-ups can be seen on the wall on the right hand side before entering the underpass. These include another circular design by Good Life but in green, white and black, and a number of other colourful designs. Location data estimated: 53.44946457927422, -2.167468567385821

Right Image: Close-up of some graffiti pieces found along the Fallowfield Loop in Manchester. Image description: The image shows a close-up of some of the graffiti pieces, tags and throw-ups described above, including a 'BU' piece in blue with a red outline, 'BUM' in teal, and a bubble letters piece in pink and green, with a black outline. Location data estimated: 53.44946457927422, -2.167468567385821

Above Image: Underpass graffiti on the Fallowfield Loop, Manchester. Image description: 'RAPTURE' graffiti piece created by Good Life along an underpass on the Fallowfield Loop in Manchester. This is another piece created by Good Life, with pink letters, a black outline and a blue and green background. The graffiti piece is large and the word runs all the way across one side of the underpass. Location data estimated: 53.44946457927422, -2.167468567385821

Left Image: Photograph of the graffiti lounge at Deal Castle in Kent. Image description: The graffiti lounge at Deal Castle has been photographed here, showing four chairs around a table with images of the graffiti from the lead roof and black paper for visitors to create their own works inspired by the depicted graffiti. In the background we can see a sofa which has been covered in black and white material with a pattern inspired by the graffiti that can be found on-site. Location data: 51.219558777182634, 1.4030779851844046

Right Image: The lead roof at Deal Castle through a window. Image description: Photograph of the lead roof at Deal Castle in Kent where graffiti can be found, though the area is inaccessible to the public due to access issues. Although the graffiti cannot be seen up-close by the general public, a short video and books of examples of the graffiti have been left in the graffiti lounge for visitors to watch and look at. Some of the graffiti can also be seen from a distance through the windows. Graffiti has been left on the roof since at least 1724. Location data: 51.219558777182634, 1.4030779851844046

Above Image: Sun graffiti at Deal Castle, Kent. Image description: Sun graffiti with a human face found on the lead roof at Deal Castle in Kent. As the graffiti has been cut-off at the top, it has been suggested that the lead sheet may have been re-used. Photograph of Location data: 51.219558777182634, 1.4030779851844046