🏗️Sentence structure

• Translation Practice Exercises

Here are some notes about how "being" and "existing" function differently in Tibetan and English based on the three components of "being/existing", self/other perspective, and testimonial/assumption evidence.

The easiest way I can think to lay this out is perhaps a bit debatable philosophically in terms of identifying with the body, but it seems the clearest solution.

• being (identity), personal/egophoric association: 

  • I am a body ང་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡིན།

• existing (possession), personal/egophoric association: 

  • I have a body ང་ལ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡོད།

• existing (location), personal/egophoric association: 

  • I am in a body ང་གཟུགས་པོ་ལ་ཡོད།

• being (identity), impersonal/allophoric association: 

  • You are a body ཁྱེད་རང་གཟུགས་པོ་རེད།

• existing (possession), impersonal/allophoric association, testimonial evidential: 

  • You have a body, I testify (having seen it recently). ཁྱེད་རང་ལ་གཟུགས་པོ་འདུག

• existing (possession), impersonal/allophoric association, assumption evidential: 

  • You have a body, I assume (I have known it for a while or found out through a reliable source). ཁྱེད་རང་ལ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡོད་རེད།

• existing (location), impersonal/allophoric association, testimonial evidential: 

  • You are in a body, I testify (having seen it recently). ཁྱེད་རང་གཟུགས་པོ་ལ་འདུག

• existing (location), impersonal/allophoric association, assumption evidential: 

  • You are in a body, I assume (I have known it for a while or found out through a reliable source). ཁྱེད་རང་གཟུགས་པོ་ལ་ཡོད་རེད།

• being (identity), impersonal/allophoric association: 

  • being (identity), impersonal/allophoric association: He is a body ཁོང་གཟུགས་པོ་རེད།

• existing (possession), impersonal/allophoric association, testimonial evidential: 

  • He has a body, I testify (having seen it recently). ཁོང་ལ་གཟུགས་པོ་འདུག

• existing (possession), impersonal/allophoric association, assumption evidential: 

  • He has a body, I assume (I have known it for a while or found out through a reliable source). ཁོང་ལ་གཟུགས་པོ་ཡོད་རེད།

• existing (location), impersonal/allophoric association, testimonial evidential: 

  • He is in a body, I testify (having seen it recently). ཁོང་གཟུགས་པོ་ལ་འདུག

• existing (location), impersonal/allophoric association, assumption evidential: 

  • He is in a body, I assume (I have known it for a while or found out through a reliable source). ཁོང་གཟུགས་པོ་ལ་ཡོད་རེད།

Table format

• • This is a link  to a table that I made (using Wylie for now) of the grammar notes from Advanced Fluent Tibetan. You may find it helpful. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1u7emF4nBJcPo1-RKcPfA_x88a-ak4rDH/view?usp=sharing