Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.

Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

Civil Engineering possess huge scope and contains wide spectrum of sub-discplines. There are various fields within this engineering branch which you may choose to pursue your career.

Below given is the list of Branches of Civil Engineering :-

• Construction Engineering :-

Deals with planning, construction and maintenance of structures.

• Structural Engineering :-

Deals with Structural Analysis and Design of structures.

• Geotechnical Engineering :-

Study of soil, foundations, bearing capacity, etc.

• Transportation Engineering :-

Deals with planning, construction and management of transportation facilities.

• Surveying :-

Deals with surveying and levelling of lands using various instruments, mapping & contouring of terrains, etc.

• Water Resource Engineering :-

Deals with design and construction of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, water distribution system, etc.

• Environmental Engineering :-

Study of environment friendly desings, sewage management, pollution and their treatment.

• Municipal Engineering :-

Deals with urban/city planning & management, township, etc.

• Coastal Engineering :-

Deals with coastal or marine structures like groynes (groins), embankments etc.

• Tunnel Engineering :-

Deals with planning, design, construction, safety and maintenance of tunnels.

• Earthquake Engineering :-

Study of seismic forces, earth-quake resistant structures etc.

• Material Engineering :-

Study of Material Strength, properties of materials used in construction, ceramics, etc.

An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing which is used to define fully and clearly requirements for engineered items.

Engineering drawing (the activity) produces engineering drawings (the documents). More than merely the drawing of pictures, it is also known as language of engineers .A graphical language that communicates ideas and information from one mind to another.

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.

A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor.

These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.

Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law. They use equipment, such as total stations, Dumpy levels , robotic total stations, theodolites, GNSS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, clinometer, handheld tablets, digital levels, subsurface locators, drones, GIS, and surveying software.

Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.

Most people have an understanding that surveying is only restricted to field work on construction sites. The truth of the matter is that there are six different types of surveying that a surveyor can choose from in order to undertake a particular job, namely:

• Geodetic Surveys

• Cadastral Surveys

• Engineering Surveys

• Aerial Surveys

• Mining Surveys

• Hydrographic Surveys

Structural engineers design, plan and oversee the construction of new buildings and bridges, or alterations and extensions to existing properties or other structures.

Structural engineers are primarily concerned with designing and constructing buildings and structures that are safe and capable of withstanding the elements to which they will be exposed, as well as improving the structural integrity of existing buildings. The job is very closely related to that of civil engineer.

When a load is applied on a body

The opposing force resisting the deformation of the body is called stress

or

Stress is the resisting force developed in the body per unit area.

Stress, = P/A

Where P = Force or load acting on the body (N)

A = Cross-sectional area of the body (m2)

The ratio of change in dimensions to the original dimension is called strain

Strain, ε = Change in length / original length

= δL/ L

Where δL= Change in length under load.

L = Original length.

stress is directly proportional to strain (HOOKE'S LAW)