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Information concerning the pathogenic role of honey bee viruses in invasive species are still scarce. The aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of several honey bee viruses, such as Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV), Slow Paralysis Virus (SPV), Sac Brood Virus (SBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), in Vespa velutina specimens collected in Italy during 2017. Results of this investigation indicate that among pathogens, replicative form of KBV and BQCV were detected, assessing the spillover effect of both these viruses from managed honey bees to hornets.

Vespa velutina (Lepeletier 1836), commonly named yellow-legged hornet or Asian hornet, is a honey bee predator native of South East Asia1, and its activity contributes to the loss of bee colonies2,3.

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Since the first detection in Europe of V. velutina nigrithorax in South West of France (Aquitaine region) in 20044, the predator has spread to Spain in 2010, to Portugal in 2012, to Italy in 2013, to Germany in 2014 and more recently to Belgium, Switzerland and United Kingdom5,6,7,8,9,10,11. In Italy, the Asian hornet was firstly detected in Liguria and Piedmont regions, then it has been observed in Veneto, Lombardy and Tuscany12,13. The success of the rapid widespread of this invasive species in new countries is mainly due to the lack of specialist enemies14. Following the impact of this predator on honey bee management the European Union in 2016 has included V. velutina in the list of invasive alien species15.

The predatory activity of V. velutina is modulated by honey bees life cycle and carried out by catching the prey hovering in front of the beehive entrance3,16. In Europe, in summer, when the honey bee colony has reached the maximum population density, V. velutina predatory pressure increases3,16,17. Due to the Asian hornet predation the honey bee foraging activity is inhibited, causing an increase of colony death rate during winter3,16.

In their natural habitat, V. velutina and its prey Apis cerana have been found infected by replicative Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)51. The Asian hornet infection by IAPV seems to be related to the ingestion of infected honey bees51. Moreover, in South West of France, the replicative forms of Sac Brood Virus (SBV), Moku virus and IAPV were detected in V. velutina specimens51,52,53. Recently, in Italy, both Vespa crabro and V. velutina were found infected by replicative form of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), with the former showing clinical evidence (deformed wing) of infection54,55,56. The aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of BQCV, KBV, ABPV, SBV, IAPV, Slow Paralysis Virus (SPV) major, SPV minor, Apis Iridescent Virus (AIV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) in V. velutina specimens collected in Italy during 2017.

The positivity of only newly-emerged females collected in November could be related to the higher incidence of KBV in honey bees in the late autumn season84. Similarly, the presence of BQCV in Asian hornets both in mid-season and in late-season samples could be related to the high frequency of this virus in honey bee during summer84.

This research has been supported by Fondi di Ateneo of University of Pisa. The authors would like to thank the beekeeper Fabrizio Zagni, Dr. Alessandro Cini (Department of Biology, University of Florence, Italy) and Dr. Laura Bortolotti (CREA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy) for helping in sampling the hornets.

Two wide releases this week look to bring in the green and return the overall box office to the black. The wider of the two, The Green Hornet, is even looking to earn more than Avatar did this time last year, which would be a major victory for 2011. I'm not saying its going to, but it is a real possibility. And if it can't, it appears it is more likely than not that it will match The Book of Eli's opening from last year, which would at least be some positive news for the box office. More...Contest: Choices, ChoicesJanuary 7th, 2011 be457b7860