Theories that Shaped Nursing?
Theories that Shaped Nursing?
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Virginia Henderson: Her "Need Theory" was based in practice and her education. She emphasized the importance of increasing a client's independence to promote their continued healing progress after hospitalization.
Martha Rogers: She saw nursing as both a science and an art. Rogers' theory is known as that of the Unitary Human Beings. Nursing seeks to promote symphonic interaction between the environment and the person, to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the human beings, and to direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the person and the environment for the realization of maximum health potential.
Dorothea E. Orem: Known as the Self-Care Theory, Orem's vision of health is a state characterized by wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning. It includes physical, psychological, interpersonal and social aspects. Her major assumptions included that people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and the care of others in their family. She said that a person's knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors. Orem defined nursing as an art, a helping service and a technology.
Betty Neuman: The System Model focuses on the response of the client system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the use of several levels of nursing prevention intervention for attaining, retaining and maintaining optimal client system wellness. Neuman defines the concern of nursing is preventing stress invasion. If stress is not prevented then the nurse should protect the client's basic structure and obtain or maintain a maximum level of wellness. Nurses provide care through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modes.
Hildegard Peplau: Four phases define Peplau's Interpersonal Theory or nursing. She defines the nurse/patient relationship evolving through orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution. She views nursing as a maturing force that is realized as the personality develops through educational, therapeutic, and interpersonal processes.
Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing first appeared in 1978. According to Leininger, the goal of nursing is to provide care congruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Leininger states that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant, distinctive and unifying feature. She says there can be no cure without caring, but that there may be caring with curing. Health care personnel should work towards an understanding of care and the values, health beliefs, and life-styles of different cultures, which will form the basis for providing culture-specific care.
Patricia Benner: From Novice to Expert is probably the simplest nursing theory to understand. Benner describes five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert. The levels reflect a movement from reliance on abstract principles to the use of past concrete experience. She proposes that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without ever learning the theory. Each step builds on the previous one as the learner gains clinical expertise. Simply put, Benner says experience is a prerequisite for becoming an expert. Benner published her "Novice to Expert Theory" in 1982.
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