Before we can dive into the history and inspiration of Magic School Fantasy, we must explore what it truly means to be part of this subgenre. Is it supposed to be the main setting of the piece? Could it simply be the characters are of schooling age? Must the school be fantastical at all? All questions that scholars debate to find the true origins of the genre.
What many in the literature community consider a Magic School Fantasy to be is a story set in the perspective of a child enrolled in a magical, fantastical school. The magic school itself must be the center of the focus for much of the work. If the opposite were true, some could argue The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis could be considered a magic school fantasy simply because the characters are in school. Since such a distinction can be made, it is easier to look into the history of the genre. However, there are still discrepencies between scholars on what the true first novel is.
Possibly the first notion of "Magic School Fantasy," the Romanian legend encapsulated in Emily Gerard's book follows the school named "Schoolmance." These superstitions originate well before Gerard's novel, but this was the first independent work encapsulating them. Within the novel there are descriptions of the magic spells and talking animals taught, however there is no concrete description of life at the school.
Much inspired by the same Transylvanian Superstitions that prompted Gerard's novel, Bram Stoker took to the Romanian Legend of vampires to create his novel Dracula, and iconic piece of literature in the fantasy and horror genre. Although not a blatant example of Magic School Fantasy, it is implied that Dracula did attend the fictitious school of Schoolmance where he learned dark magic and spells. This further enhanced the Magic School genre and was a large part of its beginnings (Berry).
Ursula Le Guin's work is one of the first mentions of a "magic school" in a book, the School of Roke. Le Guin claims "I didn’t originate the idea of a school for wizards — if anybody did it was T.H. White, though he did it in single throwaway line and didn’t develop it. I was the first to do that." (Le Guin).
These books are considered the "first" of the genre, which further highlights these discrepancies. Between them, there was also a lot of development within the idea of the magic school which have inspired other modern writers of the subject. The largest difference is how developed the actual school is within the novel which allows for the audience to become more involved with the setting itself.
These novels also laid the groundwork for much of what we see in the modern genre. Le Guin claims that she was inspired by T.H. White and others, in the same way that her piece has led to revelations and changes in the genre. However, not every author likes to claim such influence. Le Guin claims that J. K. Rowling did not steal or plagerise any of her ideas and very well developed her own story by manipulating the genre. However, she also voices her annoyance with Rowling accepting praise from critques saying she "inventing the idea" and Rowling lets them. Le Guin believes that all writers are influenced by each other and to claim that is not the case is false (Le Guin).
Perhaps the most recognizable title of the genre, Rowling's Harry Potter series is one of the largest fantasy books of all time. With it's humor, characters, and intricate plot the story lends itself to being easy to follow and encapsulating to the masses. What this series lends a lot of its success to is the magical school at the center of the text: Hogwarts. These books fall into the trope of "boarding-school fiction" which emphasizes friendship groups, food and sport, and adventures of life as a child (Butler).
Once Rowling laid the groundwork, the popularity of "Magic School Fantasy" blossomed. Not only were many books published, but also films, fan-fiction, comics, manga, et cetera. Now it seems as much of the fantasy market is flooded with magical children going off to various boarding schools learning the ways to become a wizard, witch, warlock, or some other magical creature. Although Rowling herself does not claim to have been influences whilst writing her series, she very much did inspire an onslaught of creativity and revelation in the genre.
Gregory Maguire's 1995 novel which closely prequels the plot of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, where the audience follows Elphaba and Galinda as they go to the magical school of Shiz University. The book later lead to a renowned musical and later movie. Maguire claims to have been inspired a lot by the world around him. He looked into the history of World War II and began to question the notion of what it means to be evil. In an interview, Magurie wanted to explore the idea of whether one could be born evil, or if it was something they grew to learn (DCPA Press).
In his trilogy, Philip Pullman wanted to create a world different from the one we have today. In a series that has traversed decades, he has allowed the outside world to influence his work as he has pleased--taking elements he can see furthering his world and leaving elements he sees no use for. When originally drafting his novel he took inspiration from Tolken as what not to do, as he "didn't want to write a fantasy of the pure Tolken sort," (Pullman). Pullman also took influence from other popular literary sources which further expanded the reach of the Magic School Fantasy genre and has allowed other authors to be influenced by his work. Pullman speaks more on his trilogy here.
Lev Grossman accredits much of his novel to be influenced by several different literary works within fantasy. He does claim that Rowling's Harry Potter did inspire him as he felt very connected to Harry's story. He says he wanted to create a character similar to him but American. He also accredits much of his inspiration to Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia while writing about his fictitious world. Even influences like Dungeons and Dragons inspired the series. Grossman's novel truly encapsulates the spirit of Magic School Fantasy and shows how the depth of the genre is used to influence other works (Dobbins). He also credits many other various literary works to have influenced the Magicians.
While Percy Jackson is not set in a school, it's definitely in conversation with the magic school fantasy realm. Percy Jackson appealed to a lot of the same audience as Harry Potter, with a lot of the same established tropes of magic school fantasy, like the "chosen one," a wise older professor in Chiron, and several notable rivals like Luke or Jason. Rick Riordan was inspired by his son's interest in mythological tales and his struggles as a student with ADHD and Dyslexia, which aligns with the goal of magic school fantasy to connect and resonate with students. Percy Jackson feels sort of like an Americanized concept of the magic school fantasy; whereas a lot of magic school content is very European in influence, with the boarding schools, houses, aesthetics, and settings, Percy Jackson utilizes the classic American childhood summer camp as his version of a school.
Since the rise of Harry Potter, the Genre as a whole has exploded. In recent years, much of the rise for a younger demographic can be attributed to the rise of various social media platforms. In the 2010's, many fandoms rose to power through websites like Tumbler, Reddit, Twitter, and other various platforms. Now, the spread of media through Instagram and TikTok has also led to many people enjoying and immersing in the genre. The rise of these platforms have also since led to older novels within the genre earning more recognition and praise, further cementing their place as powerful works of literature.
An interesting take on the Magic School Fantasy genre as it takes the school of "Schoolmance" as a terrible, dark place that one can only leave if they succeed, or they will die. Novik drew inspiration for her school from Rowling's Hogwarts by taking all of its flaws and making them glaringly obvious. Also, Novik drew inspiration from the legends of Schoolmance mentioned earlier something she wanted to truly diverge from as she calls it a "horrible idea," (Diehl).
Rowell's contemporary interpretation of Magic School Fantasy follows the cast of characters as they finish their last year at Watford School of Magicks. It's fascination takes from the novel's popularity on various social media sites, bringing the genre too a new light and audience.
Berry, Oliver. “Mystical Tales from Transylvania.” BBC News, BBC, 28 Feb. 2022, www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130114-mystical-tales-from-transylvania
Butler, Catherine. "Modern Children's Fantasy." The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature, Cambridge. Edited by Edward James, and Farah Mendlesohn. Cambridge
DCPA Press. “Q&A with Original Wicked Novel Author, Gregory Maguire.” https://www.denvercenter.org/news-center/qa-with-original-wicked-novel-author-gregory-maguire/
Diehl, Amanda. “Naomi Novik.” BookPage, https://www.bookpage.com/interviews/25662-naomi-novik-science-fiction-fantasy
Dobbins, Amanda. “The Magicians Trilogy Author Lev Grossman Explains His Cultural Influences.” https://www.vulture.com/2014/07/lev-grossman-explains-his-cultural
Le Guin, Ursula. “Art, Information, Theft, and Confusion, Part Two.” Ursula K. Le Guin, 1 Aug. 2010, www.ursulakleguin.com/bvc-art-information-theft-and-confusion-parttwo
Pullman, Philip. “25 Years of His Dark Materials: Philip Pullman on the Journey of a Lifetime.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 Oct. 2020, www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/10/25-years-of-his-dark-materials-philip-pullman-on-the-journey-of-a-lifetime