The sound of gunfire (i.e. the "muzzle report") is often accompanied with a loud bullwhip-like crack as the supersonic bullet pierces through the air, creating a sonic boom. Bullet speeds at various stages of flight depend on intrinsic factors such as sectional density, aerodynamic profile and ballistic coefficient, as well as extrinsic factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature and wind speed.[7][8] Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound, so there are no sonic booms. This means that a subsonic cartridge, such as .45 ACP, can be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge, such as the .223 Remington, even without the use of a suppressor.[9]
Rifle bullets, such as that of a Remington 223, leave the muzzle at speeds of up to 4,390 kilometres per hour (2,730 mph). A bullet from a 9 mm Luger handgun, reaches speeds of only 2,200 kilometres per hour (1,370 mph). Similarly, an AK-47, has a muzzle velocity of about 2,580 kilometres per hour (1,600 mph).[12]
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Square bullets have origins that almost pre-date civilization and were used in slings. They were typically made out of copper or lead. The most notable use of square bullet designs was by James Puckle and Kyle Tunis who patented them, where they were briefly used in one version of the Puckle gun. The early use of these in the black-powder era was soon discontinued because of the irregular and unpredictable flight patterns.
Delvigne continued to develop bullet design and by 1830 had started to develop cylindro-conical bullets. His bullet designs were improved by Francois Tamisier with the addition of "ball grooves" which are known as "cannelures", which moved the resistance of air behind the center of gravity of the bullet.[22] Tamisier also developed progressive rifling: the rifle grooves were deeper toward the breech, becoming shallower as they progressed toward the muzzle. This causes the bullet to be progressively molded into the grooves which increases range and accuracy.[23][24]
Among the first pointed or "conical" bullets were those designed by Captain John Norton of the British Army in 1832. Norton's bullet had a hollow base made of lotus pith that on firing expanded under pressure to engage with a barrel's rifling.[25] The British Board of Ordnance rejected it because spherical bullets had been in use for the previous 300 years.[26] Renowned English gunsmith William Greener invented the Greener bullet in 1836. Greener fitted the hollow base of an oval bullet with a wooden plug that more reliably forced the base of the bullet to expand and catch the rifling. Tests proved that Greener's bullet was effective, but the military rejected it because, being two parts, they judged it as too complicated to produce.[27]
European advances in aerodynamics led to the pointed spitzer bullet. By the beginning of the 20th century, most world armies had begun the transition to spitzer bullets. These bullets flew for greater distances more accurately and transferred more kinetic energy. Spitzer bullets combined with machine guns greatly increased lethality on the battlefield.
Spitzer bullets were streamlined at the base with the boat tail. In the trajectory of a bullet, as air passes over a bullet at high speed, a vacuum is created at the end of the bullet, slowing the projectile. The streamlined boat tail design reduces this form drag by allowing the air to flow along the surface of the tapering end. The resulting aerodynamic advantage is currently seen as the optimum shape for rifle technology. The first combination spitzer and boat-tail bullet, named balle D by its inventor Captain Georges Desaleux, was introduced as standard military ammunition in 1901, for the French Lebel Model 1886 rifle.
The physics affecting the bullet once it leaves the barrel is termed external ballistics. The primary factors affecting the aerodynamics of a bullet in flight are the bullet's shape and the rotation imparted by the rifling of the gun barrel. Rotational forces stabilize the bullet gyroscopically as well as aerodynamically. Any asymmetry in the bullet is largely canceled as it spins. However, a spin rate greater than the optimum value adds more trouble than good, by magnifying the smaller asymmetries or sometimes resulting in the bullet breaking apart in flight. With smooth-bore firearms, a spherical shape is optimal because no matter how the bullet is oriented, its aerodynamics are similar. These unstable bullets tumble erratically and provide only moderate accuracy; however, the aerodynamic shape changed little for centuries. Generally, bullet shapes are a compromise between aerodynamics, interior ballistic necessities, and terminal ballistics requirements.
Bullet shapes are many and varied. With a mold, bullets can be made at home for reloading ammunition, where local laws allow. Hand-casting, however, is only time- and cost-effective for solid lead bullets. Cast and jacketed bullets are also commercially available from numerous manufacturers for handloading and are most often more convenient than casting bullets from bulk or scrap lead.
Poisonous bullets were a subject to an international agreement as early as the Strasbourg Agreement (1675). The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 prohibited the use of explosive projectiles weighing less than 400 grams.[36] The Hague Conventions prohibits certain kinds of ammunition for use in war. These include poisoned[37][38] and expanding[39][40] bullets. Protocol III of the 1983 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, an annexed protocol to the Geneva Conventions, prohibits the use of incendiary ammunitions against civilians.[41]
I have an issue with the numbering format for numbered lists with indented bullets. I had a list of bulleted material with sub bullets that I wanted to change into a numbered list. When I tried to do this however, first some of the tabs and formatting for my existing subullets were removed and realigned with my main bullets. Also, it changed the sub bullets to numbers (which I guess makes sense in theory) when I would have preferred to leave the sub-bullets alone and stay bullets. But my biggest problem of all (that also seems to have no manual work around) is that when you change the list to numbered, if there are any sub-bullets under any of the numbers, the numbers reset to 1 for the next main item on the list after the sub-bullet for the previous number. I cannot figure out how to fix this for the life of me. Plz help.
Using the Bullets & Numbering drop down menu does not work. The result for any level selected is Default which is Level 1. The Levels cannot be adjusted or added to as well.
I have attached a screen shot of the results.
The only solution for using bullets and numbering is to start adding bullets, let default put in its values and then go in and manually correct these indents.
Bullet number example.docx
I redid bullet and numbering using the main template and opening in Text Body.
I then typed in information and attempted to use bullets and numbering and got the same problem.
I saved the file in .odt format and am attaching it for you to look at. I only used docx because the ASK help did not specify .odt as compatible for import.
V8 for IOS is nice, but a real backward move was requiring two clicks to insert bullets and another two to indent them. On iPad there's plenty of room to give direct access to these functions in the bottom bar.
Yes, invu798, I agree. Bringing back the bullet buttons to the tool bar is a great restoration of something that went missing nearly a year ago. But we need buttons to indent and outdent bullets too. Maybe Evernote are forgetting that people often use the soft keyboard on the iPad not a hardware keyboard with shortcuts, tab keys etc?
I am so happy to read that I'm not the only one with the bullet and indent frustrations. I use bullets a lot in my notes and really feel having taken a leap backwards with version 8 in this respect. Please, please - bring these functions back where they belong.
Hi Stephen, we're actually working through some changes/improvements to the formatting options. We've heard a lot of feedback similar to yours, and we agree, we need quicker access to bullets, checkboxes and other formatting tools. I can't give an exact estimate of when the improvements will be available, but please know we are working on it, and definitely taking the feedback seriously! Thanks!
If possible please move the bullet indent/outdent icons to the bar with the bullets as those are very frequently used sequentially and it is time consuming to continually have to hit the extra buttons to make it happen.
Unfortunately, by using PowerPoint inappropriately, we have created a thought process centered on bullets and complex charts. This has a number of impacts. First, it reduces clarity since a bullet is essentially an outline for a sentence and a series of bullets outline a paragraph. They fail to provide the details essential to understanding the ideas being expressed. While this helps immensely with compromise, since the readers can create their own narrative paragraphs from the bullets, it creates problems when people discover what they agreed to is not what they thought they had agreed to. Worse, it creates a belief that complex issues can, and should, be reduced to bullets. It has reached the point where some decision-makers actually refuse to read a two-page briefing paper and instead insist PowerPoint be used.
I'm looking to create an output from the Report text tool to RTF that has indenting and bullets. Is that even possible? Could it be done using the Expert Mode (PCXML)? Any ideas for workarounds if not possible?
I am sure this has come up before, but I couldn't find it in a search for bullets. I am trying to use Smartsheet for proposals and it would be so helpful to be able to format a long list of items with bullets. I realize I can create them with bullets in a text editor and paste them in, but it would be much easier to work directly in Smartsheet. They don't come in clean or can be easily edited. 2351a5e196
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