Log 2 Base 2 Course High Quality Free Download

The base course or basecourse in pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway, race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometimes an extra binder course.

If there is a sub-base course, the base course is constructed directly above this layer. Otherwise, it is built directly on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges from 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in) and is governed by underlying layer properties. Generally consisting of a specific type of construction aggregate, it is placed by means of attentive spreading and compacting to a minimum of 95% relative compaction, thus providing the stable foundation needed to support either additional layers of aggregates or the placement of an asphalt concrete wearing course which is applied directly on top of the base course.[1][2]

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Aggregate Base is used as the base course under asphalt pavement roadways, under concrete slabs and structural foundations, and as backfill material for underground pipelines and other underground utilities within a roadway. It is placed by means of attentive spreading and compacting to a minimum of 95% relative compaction, providing the stable foundation needed to support a pathway, foundation, driveway or roadway.

This four-day course teaches the surgical techniques and anatomy for endoscopic endonasal surgery of the ventral skull base. Experts on the subject will present the anatomical indications and technical aspects of this procedure along with the risks, benefits, and outcomes.

The course features an interactive live surgery demonstration using indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy, fresh anatomical specimen dissection, lectures and panel discussions, 3D anatomy lectures, and case presentations. Participants will have an opportunity to enhance their knowledge and skills regarding endoscopic surgery of the ventral skull base.

Space is limited at each course and because the technique of endoscopic endonasal surgery is performed by two surgeons (four hands), teams are given first priority. If we can accommodate you at the course of your choosing, you will receive an invitation and registration form via email. The registration form will then need to be completed and returned together with payment in full within 30 days. Please do not make any travel arrangements until you have received confirmation of your registration

This course is designed for skull base teams (neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons) and senior level residents who wish to learn and practice the technical skills needed to perform comprehensive endoscopic endonasal surgery of the ventral skull base.

Participation by all individuals is encouraged. Advance notification of any special needs will help us provide better service. Please notify us of your needs at least three weeks in advance of the course by contacting Mary Jo Tutchko either by phone (001-412-647-8186) or by email (skullbasecourse@upmc.edu).

All cancellations must be in writing and sent via US/air mail, e-mail or fax. Tuition for cancellations postmarked or date-stamped 90 days before the first day of the course will be completely refunded. No refunds will be made if notice received less than 90 days from the first day of the course. Cancellation requests should be sent to:

Pavement Interactive was developed by the Pavement Tools Consortium, a partnership between several state DOTs, the FHWA, and the University of Washington, as part of their effort to further develop and use computer-based pavement tools.

The NCFA hosts three base ProLogger Base Courses each year. These base courses are held in the eastern, central, and western parts of the state operating on a two-day schedule.

The first day and a half is held in a seminar setting at a local community college. The first day begins at 8:30am and runs until 5:00pm; lunch is on your own. Contributing instructors from Forestry Mutual Insurance Company, the North Carolina Department of Labor, the North Carolina Forest Service, the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, the North Carolina Highway Patrol (Division of Motor Carriers), and the North Carolina Sustainable Forestry Initiative State Implementation Committee.

This year, John J. Reilly Jr., MD, dean of the CU School of Medicine, addressed the 24 resident attendees in neurosurgery and otolaryngology from 22 institutions in the United States. The course included 24 guest faculty who are among the most renowned skull base surgeons from the United States, Europe and Mexico.

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can be used as granular base or subbase material in virtually all pavement types, including paved and unpaved roadways, parking areas, bicycle paths, gravel road rehabilitation, shoulders, residential driveways, trench backfill, engineered fill, pipe bedding, and culvert backfill.(1,2)

Although the use of RAP in granular base applications does not recover the asphalt cement potential in the old pavement, it does provide an alternate application where no other markets (asphalt paving) are available or where unsuitable material (such as soil or mud) may have been combined with the RAP so that it cannot be used as part of a recycled pavement.

RAP that has been properly processed and in most cases blended with conventional aggregates has demonstrated satisfactory performance as granular road base for more than 20 years and is now considered standard practice in many areas. At least 13 state agencies (Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin) have used RAP as aggregate in base course. At least four state agencies (Alaska, New York, Ohio, and Utah) have used RAP as unbound aggregate in subbase, and at least two states (California and Vermont) have experience with RAP use in stabilized base course.(3)

In addition to the states listed above, it has also been reported that RAP has been used as a base course additive in Idaho and New Mexico, and as a subbase additive in at least 10 other states, including Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wyoming.(4) It has further been reported that Kentucky has had some limited experience with the use of RAP in roadbase, although no information is available concerning its performance.(5)

Overall, the performance of RAP as a granular base or subbase aggregate, or as an additive to granular base or subbase, has been described as satisfactory, good, very good, or excellent.(3,4) Some of the positive features of RAP aggregates that have been properly incorporated into granular base applications include adequate bearing capacity, good drainage characteristics, and very good durability. However, RAP that is not properly processed or blended to design specification requirements may result in poor pavement performance. Increasing the RAP content results in a decrease in the bearing capacity of the granular base. In addition, where conventional granular material has been placed over processed RAP (and not homogeneously blended), the coarse granular material (sometimes referred to as float material) tends to ravel under traffic.(6)

To avoid agglomeration of crushed RAP, it should be blended as soon as possible with conventional aggregate (using a cold feed system) to a homogeneous mixture. However, blended material that is stockpiled for a considerable period of time, particularly in warm weather, may harden and require recrushing and rescreening before it can be incorporated into granular base applications.

In-place processing consists of self-propelled pulverizing units that break up and crush the existing asphalt concrete, (typically up to a depth of about 100 mm (4 in)) and underlying granular material to a total maximum depth of 200 mm (8 in) and thoroughly mix the materials in place. The depth of processing must be closely monitored since cutting too deep can incorporate subbase material while cutting too shallow increases the percentage of RAP in the blend.

Some of the engineering properties of RAP that are of particular interest when RAP is used in granular base applications include gradation, bearing strength, compacted density, moisture content, permeability, and durability.

Gradation: The gradation for milled RAP is governed by the spacing of the teeth and speed of the pulverizing unit. Wider tooth spacing and higher speed result in larger particle sizes and coarser gradation. RAP can be readily processed to satisfy gradation requirements for granular base and subbase specifications, such as AASHTO M147.(7)

Bearing Strength: The bearing capacity of blended RAP is strongly dependent on the proportion of RAP to conventional aggregate. The bearing capacity decreases with increasing RAP content. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is reduced below that expected for conventional granular base when the amount of RAP exceeds 20 to 25 percent.(8) CBR values have been shown to decrease almost directly with increasing RAP contents.(6)

Durability: Since the quality of virgin aggregates used in asphalt concrete usually exceeds the requirements for granular aggregates, there are generally no durability concerns regarding the use of RAP in granular base, especially if the RAP is less than 20 to 25 percent of the base.

The key design parameter for incorporating processed RAP into granular base material is the blending ratio of RAP to conventional aggregate that is needed to provide adequate bearing capacity. The ratio can be determined from laboratory testing of RAP aggregate blends using the CBR test method(9) or previous experience. It has been reported that blends of up to 30 percent asphalt-coated particles from RAP have been incorporated into blended granular base material.(10)

The presence of asphalt cement in the RAP, however, does have a significant strengthening effect with time. It has been reported that specimens with 40 percent RAP blended in granular base material have produced CBR values exceeding 150 after 1 week.(8) RAP produced by grinding or pulverizing has a lower bearing capacity than crushed RAP, due to the higher generation of fines.(11) As a result, for use in load-bearing applications, granular RAP is usually blended with conventional aggregates. 17dc91bb1f