Besides taking photographs and collecting other science data on the Martian surface, the two landers conducted three biology experiments designed to look for possible signs of life. These experiments discovered unexpected and enigmatic chemical activity in the Martian soil, but provided no clear evidence for the presence of living microorganisms in soil near the landing sites. According to scientists, Mars is self-sterilizing. They believe the combination of solar ultraviolet radiation that saturates the surface, the extreme dryness of the soil and the oxidizing nature of the soil chemistry prevent the formation of living organisms in the Martian soil.

The Viking mission was planned to continue for 90 days after landing. Each orbiter and lander operated far beyond its design lifetime. Viking Orbiter 1 continued for four years and 1,489 orbits of Mars, concluding its mission August 7, 1980, while Viking Orbiter 2 functioned until July 25, 1978. Because of the variations in available sunlight, both landers were powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators -- devices that create electricity from heat given off by the natural decay of plutonium. That power source allowed long-term science investigations that otherwise would not have been possible. Viking Lander 1 made its final transmission to Earth November 11, 1982. The last data from Viking Lander 2 arrived at Earth on April 11, 1980.

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Hoping to compete with other state universities, Schroeder analyzed the cost and space allotted for the construction of two very similar life science buildings at the University of Florida. This led to his recommendation that FTU pursue a 7-8 story, 110,707 square foot project at a much larger and nearly doubled budget of $4,912,500. However, unlike the University of Florida, FTU was a new institution and most building projects required starting from scratch, rather than expanding on any existing facilities. The university chose to proceed with their original four-story project, allowing flexibility for later expansions.

By November of 1971, President Millican, Vice President Gambrell, Vice President Goree, and several other members of university administration approved Phase I of the building program, but the complexities and uniqueness of the building program would require a great deal of time to complete. After the new Biological Sciences Building was finished in the spring of 1975, students began taking classes and faculty members quickly noted a few areas worthy of considerable expansion. By 1978, Bernard Ostle, Dean of Natural Sciences, described the growth of graduate research in biological sciences and expressed a desire to have a second wing of comparable size, ultimately matching the additional four stories that Schroeder had recommended in 1970. These additions and renovations would not be completed for more than two decades. Between 2000 and 2003, UCF was said to be acquiring $36.6 million, $11.6 of which would be allocated to expansions in the Biological Sciences Building.

Soyuz 19 stayed in orbit an additional day to carry out life-science experiments. Its mission ended July 21 at 6:51 a.m. with a successful landing less than seven miles from its target near Baikonur Cosmodrome. Soyuz 19 marked the first Soviet mission with a televised launch and landing.

In a lifetime of continual striving, Percy L. Julian (1899-1975) succeeded against the prejudices and discrimination of his time to become a pathbreaking synthetic chemist, a successful industrial research director, and a wealthy businessman.

In 1953, he established Julian Laboratories, a successful enterprise that he sold for more than $2 million in 1961. He later formed Julian Research Institute, a nonprofit research organization. Among his many lifetime honors was election, in 1973, to the National Academy of Sciences. He was also widely recognized as a steadfast advocate for human rights. Julian continued his private research studies and served as a consultant to major pharmaceutical companies until his death on April 19, 1975.

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Sixty-four percent of U.S. adults say they have "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in science, compared with 70% when Gallup last measured it more than four decades ago. The modest decline overall obscures more significant changes among political partisans. Republicans today are much less likely than their predecessors in 1975 to have confidence in science. Meanwhile, Democrats today have more confidence than their fellow partisans did in the past.

Bar graph. Sixty-four percent of U.S. adults express a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in science down from 70% in 1975. Republicans' confidence in science has fallen from 72% in 1975 to 45% today. Independents' confidence in science has dropped from 73% in 1975 to 65% today. Democrats' confidence in science has increased from 67% in 1975 to 79% today.

The new results are based on Gallup's annual Confidence in Institutions survey, conducted June 1-July 5. The survey has tracked Americans' confidence in a variety of institutions since 1973 but had asked about the institution of science only once previously, in 1975.

When Gallup asked Americans how much confidence they had in science in 1975, the party groups varied little in their responses. At that time, Republicans (72%) were slightly more likely than Democrats (67%) to say they had "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in science. Meanwhile, 73% of political independents expressed confidence.

As fewer Republicans than in 1975 express a great deal or quite a lot of confidence in science today, there have been similar increases among Republicans in the percentage who say they have "some" confidence in it (from 17% to 35%) or "very little" or "no" confidence in it (from 5% to 21%). In 1975, 6% of Republicans did not offer an opinion, compared with less than 1% today.

Drawn in by the unforgiving directness of the existentialist philosophers, I was (perhaps naively) attempting to respond to the question that Albert Camus said must be answered before all others: Is there meaning in life? Or, to state it more clearly: Is a life worth living? (Camus, 1975).

Campus Photographs documents the history of BYU from its establishment in 1875 as Brigham Young Academy to its centennial in 1975. Images include presidents of the university, famous visitors, students, faculty, various views of campus and its buildings, student life, athletic activities, and classroom experiences.

In July of 1975, national attention was drawn to the city of Hopewell Virginia when news broke alerting the public to the poisoning of workers at a factory that manufactured an insecticide called Kepone. The story ballooned into an environmental crisis when authorities found the James River and many of its species of marine life saturated with the chemical. be457b7860

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