Using the website, is there any way to send a discounted offer to someone who just liked an item that already had some likes without sending that offer to every liker? I don't want to spam people with new offers every time someone new likes the item. I've seen that one way to do this is to create a bundle for that one shopper, add the liked item, then discount the bundle. I haven't had much luck doing that so far - is there another way?
Graphical representation of the most commonly reported sweet taste liker phenotypes. The green line corresponds to a phenotype characterized by a rise in liking with increasing sucrose concentration (e.g., sweet liker phenotype), yellow line illustrates an inverted U-shaped hedonic response as a function of sucrose concentration (e.g., inverted-U phenotype), grey line represents an insensitive response to changes in sucrose concentration, and red line corresponds to a phenotype characterized by a decline in liking as sucrose concentration increases (e.g., sweet disliker phenotype). Adapted with permission from Reference [11].
Liker
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Considering these methodological challenges, along with the ongoing debate over the role of sugar intake as a factor in obesity [19,20,21,22], there is strong need for a more precise and consistent method to identify sweet taste phenotypes. The numerous prior studies that have investigated the presence of different sweet taste liker phenotypes and their potential relationship to dietary intake (e.g., in References [14,18,23]) or to body mass index (BMI: e.g., in References [13,16,24,25,26]) have used widely different methods to define phenotypes; presumably, this has contributed to the inconsistencies reported across studies. Accordingly, in our recent review [11], we suggested that a rapid and reliable phenotyping method is needed to facilitate comparisons across future studies. In our review, we proposed that an optimal sucrose concentration be identified that best separates distinct sweet taste liker phenotypes, in terms of sensitivity and specificity. In 2015, Asao et al. [27] piloted this idea in order to discriminate SLs from SDs. However, as commonly happens with small pilot studies, their sample size likely affected the phenotyping process, potentially leading to an underestimation of the true number of distinct response patterns, a limitation the authors noted in their report. Further, the total number of stimuli they used was rather large [27], raising additional issues of fatigue, adaptation, and inattentiveness. Finally, their participants were tested after they had fasted for an average of 12.1 h [27], which may influence the appetitiveness of the stimuli.
Confirming the diverse nature of the sensory responses to sweet taste among participants classified into the three main sweet taste liker phenotypes, overall liking and intensity significantly varied across these newly defined distinct groups, F(2, 56.21) = 89.44, p < 0.001 for liking and F(2, 77.95) = 5.74, p = 0.005 for intensity. A main effect of sucrose concentration (F(4.44, 635.19) = 8.53, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.056), as well as a strong interaction effect between sucrose concentration and phenotype (F(8.88, 635.19) = 78.65, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.524) on liking were also found. As shown in Figure 3, follow-up analysis indicated that participants with an inverted U-shaped response liked the three lower sucrose concentrations at a similar level when compared with both SLs and SDs. When liking ratings of those stimuli were separately contrasted between the two extreme phenotypes, we found that SLs rated them as less pleasant than SDs did. Liking for the 0.125 M sucrose solution did not differ between groups, whereas liking ratings for the rest of the sweet taste stimuli significantly differed by cluster (p < 0.001 for most paired comparisons).
Liking ratings (meanĀ standard error of the mean) as a function of sucrose solutions by the three sweet taste liker phenotypes. Ratings were averaged across the two taste test blocks. The response pattern for the sweet liker phenotype is displayed with a dotted line, the response pattern of inverted U-shaped phenotype with a solid line, and the response pattern of sweet disliker phenotype with a dashed line. Different colors denote the different ranges of liking ratings for 1 M sucrose which, according to the relevant sensitivity and specificity checks (see Table 2 and Table 3 for details), could be used for the reliable discrimination between the three distinct sweet taste liker phenotypes: green color corresponds to the range of liking ratings for 1 M sucrose representing sweet likers, yellow color indicates the hedonic response spectrum to 1 M sucrose characteristic of the inverted U-shaped phenotype, and red color corresponds to the range of liking ratings for 1 M sucrose for sweet dislikers.
Intensity ratings (meanĀ standard error of the mean) as a function of sucrose solutions by the three sweet taste liker phenotypes. Ratings are averaged across the two taste test blocks. The intensity curve of the sweet liker phenotype is displayed with a dotted line, the intensity curve of the inverted U-shaped phenotype with a solid line, and the intensity curve of the sweet disliker phenotype with a dashed line.
Individual ratings of liking as a function of perceived intensity for the sweet taste stimuli in (a) sweet likers, (b) individuals exhibiting an inverted U-shaped hedonic response, and (c) sweet dislikers. Lines represent the average ratings across individuals classified within each phenotype.
Different patterns of sweet liking exist. For some, liking increases as concentration increases up to a point at which it typically plateaus. These individuals are referred to as sweet likers. How sweet likers' beverage intake, especially sugar sweetened beverage intake, differs from sweet dislikers' beverage intake is not well characterized. A total of 953 visitors (650 adults; 62.0% women; 303 children; 58.7% girls) to the Denver Museum of Nature & Science rated the taste intensity and liking of 5 sucrose solutions that spanned concentrations typically encountered in sugar-sweetened beverages (0.0-13.7% w/v) using visual analog scales. Beverage intake by adults was quantified using the validated BEVQ-15 questionnaire. Among adults, hierarchical cluster analysis identified three clusters of liking patterns (likers, dislikers, and neutrals). Among children, two clusters of liking patterns were identified (likers and dislikers). For both adults and children, BMI, percent body fat, age, and sex did not differ between clusters. Concentration by cluster interaction effects were observed for both adults and children. Adult sweet likers consumed more energy from all beverages, more sweetened juice and tea, and less water than those in other clusters. Sweet liker status may be a useful predictor of increased energy intake from beverages, but prospective trials are necessary to confirm this utility.
"Likes" are Facebook's social currency, and there is plenty of thumbs up action going on. After all it feels good to be liked and social acceptance is no exception. But are you a genuine liker, or an automatic one? Do you actually like the things you "like" on Facebook?
When I launched my blog and Facebook page I had no idea how I would come to scrutinize and catalog the number or likes, shares and comments. Or more noticeably, the silence. Such is the curse of the social like. Over the past 18 months I have learnt to distinguish the different types of likers. Here are my observations:
The Serial liker: As the name suggests, this person pretty much likes anything in their feed. They are on social media a lot and that little thumbs up from them comes up a nano-second after you've posted your update. Love the serial liker. The serial liker is gold for bloggers. They often get the cycle of likes coming. Someone has to start it of. Although their sincerity is questionable (I mean seriously, can they really like every crappy update about your children?) but it really doesn't matter.
The Discerning liker: This person is far harder to charm and they don't give away their likes easily. They actually think about what you've written or photographed and if they are not convinced, they don't like. From a political rant to a fairly innocuous Pinterest pic, if they don't like what they see, they aint gonna like it. On the upside, getting the thumbs up from the Discerning liker is quite a thrill.
The Agreeable liker: Consistently affable and complimentary, the Agreeable liker lives up to their name, agreeing with pretty much whatever you say. Either you've nailed the message-to-market beautifully and they genuinely do agree with you, or they are just as agreeable online as they are in person.
The Disagreeable liker: This person doesn't seem to agree with much. They have an opinion and aren't afraid to share it on Facebook. They were probably head of the debating team in high school. Or perhaps they are actually quite shy in person but online they find their voice.
The Aloof liker: Much like a distant crush, this person pops up now and then but there's no consistency to their presence. They may like one post, but not the next. Don't push too hard with them. They don't stick around too long and are likely to shut down if you try to engage with them. They arrive late to the party and leave early. The trick with this relationship is to know just the right time to stop the conversation. Push them too hard and they'll get frustrated. Don't show too much interest. A fine balance is the key to sustaining this liker.
The Giveaway liker: This liker is a lurker - lurking in the background just waiting for a giveaway or competition update. You don't see this person pop up in the comments section outside of freebie Fridays. All of a sudden they have an opinion when there's something on offer. 006ab0faaa
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