Designed and built a single-tone AM modulation and demodulation circuit on a breadboard across 3 lab sessions.

Used Analog Discovery 3 (AD3) and WaveForms software to generate excitation signals and measure time-domain waveforms and frequency spectra.

Analyzed the magnitude spectrum of a speaker output and studied how square-wave duty cycle affects harmonic content.

Developed strong intuition in frequency-domain analysis and extracting signal characteristics from spectra.

Implemented amplitude modulation using the AD835 analog multiplier IC.

Designed and optimized an envelope detector (RC circuit), balancing ripple reduction and peak tracking via RC time constant tuning.

Built an active second-order Butterworth low-pass filter using an LM324 op-amp to recover the baseband message signal.

Tuned filter resistor and capacitor values to achieve a suitable cutoff frequency for signal recovery.

Verified demodulated output using time-domain measurements and validated results against theoretical Bode plots, identifying key features such as cutoff and resonance behavior.