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Next Generation Science Standards – Middle School (NGSS-MS):
PS3-3. Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.
Examples: of devices could include an insulated box, a solar cooker, and a Styrofoam cup. Do not calculate amount of thermal energy transferred. Core Ideas: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones.MS-PS3-4. Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample.
Examples: of experiments could include comparing final water temperatures after different masses of ice melted in the same volume of water with the same initial temperature, the temperature change of samples of different materials with the same mass as they cool or heat in the environment, or the same material with different masses when a specific amount of energy is added. MS-PS3-4. Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample.
Core Ideas: The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment.
PS3-5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the motion energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.
Examples: an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object. PS3-5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the motion energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.
Core Ideas: When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time.
ETS-1 The more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem.
ETS-1 The more precisely a design task’s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem.
Science and Engineering:
- Apply scientific ideas or principles to design, construct, and test a design of an object, tool, process or system.
- Construct, use, and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon.
- Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations
- Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim.
Crosscutting concepts:
- Energy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion).
- The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system.
California Science Standards:
Physical Science Standards:
3a. Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by heat flow or by waves, including water, light and sound waves, or by moving objects.
3c. Students know heat flows in solids by conduction (which involves no flow of matter) and in fluids by conduction and by convection (which involves flow of matter).
3d. Students know heat energy is also transferred between objects by radiation (radiation can travel through space).
4a. Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle.
4b. Students know solar energy reaches Earth through radiation, mostly in the form of visible light.
Investigation and Experimentation Standards:
7a. Develop a hypothesis.
7b. Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data.
7e. Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation.
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