References
“Boston Before Busing, 1964-1974,” a Northeastern University Libraries online exhibition. Boston: Northeastern University Libraries, 2015. URL: http://dsgsites.neu.edu/desegregation
Boston Globe. (2024). Boston busing: Integration plan failed to improve schools. The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/home/
Boston (Mass.). School Committee. (1973, 3 28). School Committee Resolution [The Boston School Committee resolved to "support, aid, encourage and call attention" to the Parents Protest Demonstration against busing in Boston.]. School Committee Secretary Desegregation Files (0405.004). Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://cityofboston.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_ddf3f7c4-c22c-465d-b61c-75f9b5224514/
City of Boston Archives. (n.d.). Key People and Terms [Glossary of people and terms connected with the desegregation of the Boston Public Schools]. City of Boston Archives. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://cityofboston.access.preservica.com/boston-desegregation-educational-resources/key-people-and-terms/
City of Boston Archives. (n/a). Archived Letters of Boston Mayor Kevin White [Correspondence of Mayor Kevin White from 1972 to 1976 on the subject of busing]. City of Boston Archives. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://cityofboston.access.preservica.com/?s=busing&parenthierarchy=collection_ebc4b0d0-1ab1-4502-b15f-45c001d3a236&hh_cmis_filter=LocalMods.typeOfResource/correspondence&hh_cmis_sort=$c2%20asc
Damiano, M., Valencia, M. J., & Huffaker, C. (2024, June 20). 50 years after busing decision, a school system still unequal, still segregated. Boston Globe. Retrieved August 2, 2024, from https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/school-system-still-unequal-segregated/.
Discovering Justice. (2024, June 20). Boston School Desegregation and Busing 50th Anniversary Event [ Panel discussion delving into Morgan v. Hennigan (1974), the historic Boston desegregation case decided by Judge Garrity on June 21st, 1974.]. DiscoveringJustice.org. https://discoveringjustice.org/events/boston-school-desegregation-and-busing-50th-anniversary/
Docs Teach. (n.d.). Primary Source Documents (National Archives). Documents | DocsTeach. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://docsteach.org/documents?filter_searchterm=Tallulah+Morgan+et+al.+v.+James+W.+Hennigan+et+al.&searchType=all&filterEras=&filterDocTypes=&sortby=relevance&filter_order=&filter_order_Dir=&rt=CDN8V6Lj4NY8
Hall, A., & Barrett, L. (2007, March). Influence: The essence of leadership. Nebraska Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1695/2007/pdf/view/g1695-2007.pdf
Lukas, J. A. (1986). Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives ofThree American Families. Vintage.
National Archives. (2024, March 18). Brown v. Board of Education (1954). National Archives. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education
McLaren, Mandy (2024, June). With new busing curriculum, BPS tackles its own history. But will all students get a chance to learn? Boston Globe. Retrieved August 2024, from https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/bps-curriculum-history/.
National Museum of American History, Behring Center. (2004). Separate Is Not Equal - Brown v. Board of Education. National Museum of American History. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/index.html
Pan, D., Gill, J. C., Bordeleau, F., Scheuerell, E., Zhou, D., & Badal, S. (2024, June 25). Busing in Boston: An illustrated history of the crisis. BostonGlobe.com. https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/illustrated-history-busing/
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (2024). APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University. Purdue OWL. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/index.html
Scott, Ivy (2024, June). Meet the families whose lawsuit forced BPS to integrate.Boston Globe. Retrieved August 2024, from https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/meet-the-families/
Sunday Morning. (2023, June 18). When Old Glory Was Turned Into a Weapon [A video about the taking of the famous photograph of an attack outside Boston City Hall, The Soiling of Old Glory]. In Youtube. Youtube. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://youtu.be/_UCdXte8ppw?si=exo6Xj3K-ltoz3Rc
UMass Boston. (2015). Stark & Subtle Differences: A Collaborative History of Segregation in Boston. Stark & Subtle Divisions: A Collaborative History of Segregation in Boston. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://bosdesca.omeka.net/
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Walker, A. (2024, June). This is Boston’s busing era captured through photos. Boston Globe. Retrieved August 2024, from https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/2024/06/busing-in-boston/photos/
Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, February 24). Common ground (lukas book). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Ground_(Lukas_book)
Wolff, J. (2015). A Timeline of Boston School Desegregation [1961-1985 With Emphasis on 1964-1976]. Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Q69OIxd0aMOOQ-yEWqpcXOHzK1nIwdcl/view?usp=sharing
Website Image credits:
First day at the Curley - Seventh-grade students in class at the Curley School on Sept. 8, 1975 (Ulrike Welsch/Globe Staff)
Stop Forced Busing - A resident of South Boston reacted during a riot near South Boston High School on Dec. 11, 1974. The clash between police and a crowd of 1,500 people outside the school after a white student was stabbed inside the school led to the closing of seven public schools for the remainder of the week. (Ted Dully/Globe Staff)
Room 604 - Room 604 at Roxbury High School was nearly empty as only three out of 29 students in teacher Mary Beth Eckels class showed up on Sept. 12, 1974, the first day of school. (Tom Landers/Globe Staff)
Motorcycles up front - Twenty-thousand students were assigned to buses for rides, ranging from a few blocks up to three miles to newly integrated schools in the largest school busing program in the city's history. (Bill Ryerson/Globe Staff)
First day at Roxbury HS - Students in Room 610 at Roxbury High School waited for class to start on Sept. 12, 1974, the first day of school under the new busing system. (Tom Landers/Globe Staff)
Bus fight - Police stepped in as a fight between students erupted in front of Hyde Park High School at dismissal time on Feb. 14, 1975. (Paul Connell/Globe Staff)
Yelling at the judge - Making her position clear, a woman yelled at the car carrying Judge W. Arthur Garrity Jr. on Boston’s Beacon Street in March 1975. (Bill Brett/Globe Staff)
Mothers March - New bus route assignments for Boston students to newly desegregated schools were met with widespread resistance. (Paul Connell/Globe Staff)
Mothers were a major force in opposing busing. Here, an anti-busing “Mothers March” in Hyde Park stops at the intersection of River Street and Hyde Park Avenue to pray in 1975.
Students Sing - Students sang songs on the Boston Common during a Freedom School event, with the State House in the background on Feb 26, 1964. (Paul Connell/Globe Staff)
1963 Protest - Protesters took part in a picket line outside Boston School Committee headquarters on Aug. 6. 1963. (UPI)
Other Credits:
The introduction passage in this webquest was adapted for lower ELD levels with Diffit.me, an AI-powered tool that helps to create differentiated leveled reading passages and activities. The corresponding worksheet (with green highlights) was created with Diffit and then edited by me.
Photo analysis worksheet adapted from the Smithsonian Learning Lab