a) Federal court

The Federal Court stands as the apex court in Malaysia, serving as the final appellate authority and setting legal precedents that must be followed by lower courts. Its decisions also hold binding authority over itself.

The establishment of the Federal Court is outlined in Article 121(2) of the Federal Constitution. The court comprises the Chief Justice, the President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Judges of the High Courts in Malaya and Sabah & Sarawak, and four additional judges. Furthermore, additional judges may be appointed under Clause (1A). At present, the Federal Court is composed of seven judges.

The Federal Court has four primary jurisdictions, summarized in the accompanying table for clarity.