Law Terminology

Terminology is a discipline that systematically studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity. It does this through the research and analysis of terms in context for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage. Terminology can be limited to one or more languages (for example, "multilingual terminology" and "bilingual terminology"), or may have an interdisciplinarity focus on the use of terms in different fields.

Nomenclature comprises types of terminology especially having to do with general ontology, applied ontology, and taxonomy (categorizations and classifications, such as taxonomy for life forms, taxonomy for search engines, and so on).

Law Terminology

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Terminology is also then key in boundary-crossing problems, such as in language translation and social epistemology.Terminology helps to build bridges and to extend one area into another. Translators research the terminology of the languages they translate. Terminology is taught alongside translation in universities and translation schools. Large translation departments and translation bureaus have a Terminology section.

The main objects of terminological studies are special lexical units (or special lexemes), first of all terms. They are analysed from the point of view of their origin, formal structure, their meanings and also functional features. Terms are used to denote concepts, therefore terminology science also concerns itself with the formation and development of concepts, as well as with the principles of exposing the existing relations between concepts and classifying concepts; also, with the principles of defining concepts and appraising the existing definitions. Considering the fact that characteristics and functioning of term depend heavily on its lexical surrounding nowadays it is common to view as the main object of terminology science not separate terms, but rather the whole terminology used in some particular field of knowledge (also called subject field).

A detailed discussion of terminology in the context of the great diversity of transgender and gender nonconforming people encountered across cultures and languages is beyond the scope of these Guidelines. Below are definitions for some commonly encountered terms, which will be used throughout these Guidelines as indicated.

CDISC partners with NCI Enterprise Vocabulary Services (EVS) to develop and support controlled terminology for all CDISC foundational standards (Protocol, CDASH, SDTM, SEND, ADaM, Define-XML, and CDISC Glossary) and CDISC Therapeutic Area Standards. CDISC Terminology goes through an extensive process of content development and public review, with wide participation from the research and healthcare community. EVS maintains and distributes CDISC Controlled Terminology as part of NCI Thesaurus (NCIt).

SDTM is an international standard for clinical research data and is approved by the FDA as a standard electronic submission format. CDISC Questionnaires, Ratings, and Scales terminology is included in the SDTM terminology publication. NCI EVS maintains and distributes SDTM controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

CDISC leads the CDASH project, which develops clinical research study collection standards in collaboration with sixteen partner organizations including NCI. NCI EVS maintains and distributes CDASH controlled terminology as part of NCIt. CDASH terminology is a subset of SDTM terminology.

CDISC leads the ADaM project, which supports efficient generation, replication, review, and submission of analysis results from clinical trial data. NCI EVS maintains and distributes ADaM controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

CDISC leads the Define-XML terminology project, which defines the enumeration values found within the CDISC Define-XML data exchange standard. NCI EVS maintains and distributes Define-XML controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

CDISC leads the SEND project, which guides the organization, structure, and format of standard nonclinical tabulation data sets for interchange between organizations such as sponsors and CROs and for submission to a regulatory authority such as the FDA. NCI EVS maintains and distributes SEND controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

CDISC has partnered with TransCelerate, Microsoft, and Accenture on the DDF project, a Study Definition Reference Architecture that is designed to serve as a standard model for the development of a Study Definitions Repository. NCI EVS develops, maintains, and distributes DDF-controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

CDISC leads the Glossary project, which harmonizes definitions (including acronyms, abbreviations, and initials) used in the various standards initiatives undertaken by CDISC in clinical research. Glossary also serves the community of clinical researchers by selecting and defining terms pertaining to clinical research sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry or a Federal agency. NCI EVS maintains and distributes CDISC Glossary controlled terminology as part of NCIt.

NCI EVS has partnered with CDISC, the Critical Path Institute (C-Path), the FDA, TransCelerate BioPharma (TCB), and other national and international organizations to create CDISC Therapeutic Area (TA)-specific data standards to support clinical trials, clinical care, research, and public health. TA standards contain specialized extensions to CDISC foundational models including the data collection standard CDASH, the data submission standard SDTM, and the data analysis standard ADaM. They also include CDISC controlled terminology managed as a subset of NCIt.

CDISC New Term Request handles suggestions for both new terminology and changes to existing terminology. The CDISC Term Request Tracking sheet helps members of the CDISC community review and comment on all submitted requests.

Each terminology data release includes files listing changes from the previous quarter's release. Users who want to compare changes over different time spans for purposes of terminology analysis or mapping, for instance, can now use the Java program developed by NCI EVS to create such files using free source code.

By taking a moment to consider the history of certain terms, it is very possible to learn and be comfortable with which words to use in which contexts. We have compiled this guide to help inform your decisions on terminology.

Diagnosis and management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) remain largely dependent on clinical expertise and observations more than on evidence derived from clinical trials of high scientific quality. One major obstacle to the implementation of such studies and in producing reliable meta-analyses of existing data is a lack of consensus on standardized critical definitions, outcome criteria, and terminology. Moreover, the demand for comparative clinical trials has dramatically increased since the introduction of new classes of therapeutic agents, such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists, and innovative treatment modalities, such as anti-CD 20 antibodies. To overcome the present heterogeneity, an International Working Group of recognized expert clinicians convened a 2-day structured meeting (the Vicenza Consensus Conference) to define standard terminology and definitions for primary ITP and its different phases and criteria for the grading of severity, and clinically meaningful outcomes and response. These consensus criteria and definitions could be used by investigational clinical trials or cohort studies. Adoption of these recommendations would serve to improve communication among investigators, to enhance comparability among clinical trials, to facilitate meta-analyses and development of therapeutic guidelines, and to provide a standardized framework for regulatory agencies.

The IWG was developed to harmonize current definitions and terminology in primary ITP, recognizing that current nomenclature is outdated, is limited by heterogeneity, and has not been critically analyzed.2 The members of the IWG agreed that the unavoidable arbitrary nature of any proposal should be tempered by obtaining the greatest possible consensus and by choosing only clinically sound definitions. Thus, the strength of this proposal lies in the achievement of consensus from an international group of experts in ITP after a series of face-to-face meetings and discussions. Consensus was reached through rational discussion in a structured plan including collection of opinions through questionnaires and a 2-day conference. Unanimous agreement was obtained in all issues within the present report (with the exception of the definition of refractory ITP in children). Definitions were designed to reflect clinical practice and to standardize clinical trial design. The proposal is not intended to represent guidelines for diagnosis or treatment, but it may be a valuable construct for new clinical guideline development. A limitation is represented by the lack of validated tools to assess bleeding risk and QoL. A validated bleeding score and QoL assessment tool would be useful to help guide the need for treatment in ITP patients and further investigations in this area are needed. IWG members are committed to the continued re-evaluation of this proposal.

You can create terminology files and upload them to your Amazon Translate account. For information about file sizes and number of terminology files, see Service quotas. When you translate text, you can optionally choose a custom terminology file to use. When Amazon Translate finds a match between source text and the terminology file, it uses the translation from the terminology file.

If you add a custom terminology entry for the term Amazon Photos, specifying that the French translation is Amazon Photos, Amazon Translate uses the custom terminology to translate the phrase to the desired result.

Amazon Translate doesn't guarantee that it will use the target term for every translation. Custom terminology uses the meaning of the source and target term in the translation context to decide whether to use the target term. For more information, see Best practices. ff782bc1db