When considering inclusive library services, it is important to consider people of all ages in library service. Information needs can vary drastically across the various age demographics, leading to a wide range of service opportunities for libraries. Some of the main areas of focus can be in providing intentionally intergenerational programming, allowing for people in multiple age demographics to build relationships with one another, share skills and knowledge, and build community support. Additionally, libraries should include anti-agism training in their diversity training programs. Ageism, or the discrimination and stereotyping against someone based on their age, impacts people of various ages in different ways. Having staff educated in this topic allows for programs to be developed to suit the actual needs of those it is serving; create a respectful and open environment where people do not need to fear lack of inclusion; and create opportunities to build confidence, learn new things, and build community. Of particular note in this conversation are teens, families, and older adults.
Teens are stereotypically often seen as a nebulous group, with some adults frequently seeing them as being hard to understand or connect to and disruptive. This is in part due to agism teens face, with expectations placed on them of acting like adults while simultaneously being too young to do many adult activities, and in part due to the changing societal views on adolescence. Prior to 1904, when Granville Stanley Hall first coined the term "adolescence," teens were typically seen as "smaller adults," faced with the expectations of acting like adults and entering the workforce (Leppanen, 2020, p. 1). According to Leppanen (2020), Granville Stanley Hall's 1904 writing led to a cultural shift in how society views teenagers, with the passing of child labor laws and additional research into the psychology of adolescent development (p. 3–5).
Additionally, Teens have some of the highest reported cases of mental health disorders, with 1 in every 7 people between the ages of 10 and 19 experiencing a mental health disorder, with suicide being the third most common cause of death for people between the ages of 15 and 29. (World Health Organization, 2025). Libraries can function as a safe-haven for teens facing mental health disorders, providing information on different conditions, contact information for crisis lines, and connecting patrons to local organizations which are able to provide more specific or more comprehensive assistance.
Even beyond mental health, libraries have many opportunities to serve teens. In addition to serving the many information needs of teenagers, they offer space for people, including teens, to spend time outside of home, work, and school without spending money. Libraries offer the opportunity for teens to become connected to caring adults and other people in the community, building the social network of those people and the community as a whole. While some teens will use library space for studying and homework, libraries should not be seen or treated just as an extension of school. Libraries have the opportunity to provide extensive programming for teens, targeting many different aspects of life.
When it comes to teens who are learning a language, many of them fall into one of three categories. Some are learning a language because they have to in order to graduate high school, some are heritage speakers learning their parent's or grandparent's first language, and some are learning a language after immigrating to a new country. Literacy support provided by libraries allows teens the opportunity to learn a language at their own pace and to find reading materials that are interesting to them at their level. Instead of having to read picture books, providing materials at a range of literacy levels within each age group allows for everyone to read something of interest to them.
Note. From Reimagined library services for and with teens [Infographic], by Casey Rawson, n.d., American Library Association. (https://www.ala.org/yalsa/teens-first)
There are many program opportunities for libraries to serve teens. Programs can be used to support digital literacy, media and information literacy, community-building, and creativity and leadership skills. They can be games, puzzles, conversation groups, tutoring, mentorship opportunities, job fairs, skills classes, hobby groups, etc. These programs can be hosteb by the library or done in partnership with a local organization or group. This could be to support things like driver's education, partnering with school districts to offer summer learning support, working with after-school clubs to host meetings, working with local colleges and trade schools to provide continuing education support, and more. Additionally, by creating an advisory board with teens or comprised of teens allows them the agency to create programming that is interesting to them and have a greater sense of ownership over the services beign provided to them.
Families are a unique group of individuals the library serves. It is intergenerational by design, including children, teens, parents or guardians, grandparents, nannies, and extended family members. This can make providing services for this group challenging, as each person is at a different developmental stage in life, has different information needs, and connects with the community and world around them in different ways. Just some of the many information needs this group of people might have are homeschool resources, resources to teach children about interpersonal dynamics, providing children with book about something a family member is going through, parenting resources, local family-oriented parenting and community groups, and food or housing assistance programs. Some families may have a lack of awareness of resources, with caregivers taking children to storytime, but never coming to the reference desk to obtain information they need. By breaking this wall and having the reference staff move across the branch accordingly to guide people to resources of interest can be a helpful way to support this group. Additionally, by providing community-building programming, families can feel less isolated and make use of the community and resource network for things like education or social lives.
Additionally, multilingual families often have additional information needs. Immigrant families may have all family members learning a language at the same time, some caregivers wish to teach children a second language from birth, others may wait to teach children a language until later in childhood, some may be facing children who do not want to learn a language, and some may be learning a heritage language from the beginning, among other possibilities. One method some multilingual families use is family language planning, sometimes called family language policy. With this planning method, families decide before having children or early in the child's life how they will go about teaching their child multiple languages and what method or methods they will use. Some of these methods, also shown on the right, are one person one language, in which guardian A only uses language A and guardian B only uses language B; minority language at home, where the non-dominant language is used within family conversation and the dominant language is used with others; time and place, where depending on the time and location, a different language may be used; and two persons two languages, where both caregivers speak both languages (Limacher-Riebold, 2024). Each strategy comes with its own challenges, which is one opportunity for libraries to provide support. They can provide programming for families to create a language plan, provide resources on how to teach a second language to their child, or provide multilingual program opportunities for families to participate in.
Note. From Family language planning [Illustration], by Ute Limacher-Riebold, 2024, Multilingual Families. (https://multilingual-families.com/family-language-strategies/)
Every multilingual family is different, and it is important to consider these differences when providing programming and services at the library. Some children are resistant to learning another language, and will only reply to caregivers in the dominant language. Some families or family members may have different literacy levels in their different languages. Some caregivers may not be fluent in the dominant language, relying on their children to provide translation support. Libraries can help build these literacy skills through multilingual programming, early literacy programming, providing books and other resources in minority languages, providing conversation groups, and through creating programming in partnership with organizations that primarily serve speakers of those languages.
Currently, little research exists on older adults learning languages, sometimes referred to as foreign language geragogy. Ageism significantly impacts this community, both externally and internally. Older adults frequently face discrimination due to the perception that they are unable to and unwilling to learn certain tasks. Some see older adults as already having concluded their lives, and have nothing else to accomplish or get involved in. Older adults themselves may self-exclude, seeing particular events as being for younger people or not being willing to learn a new skill or technology because they have always previously managed without it. As such, programming to support older adults' inclusion, agency, and belonging are especially crucial. Słowik-Krogulec (2023) discusses well-being as an important factor when teaching foreign languages to older adults, with "heightening their sense of connectedness, improving cooperation, agency, autonomy, and even their daily functioning and physical health" (p. 176).
Foreign language programs for older adults in the library can work to build community, learn new skills, promote agency in communicating with loved ones, and support digital literacy skills. Koutska (2024) describes older adults as having a better understanding and motivation for language learning, having no difference in learning ability compared to younger learners, and "[having] a higher ability to use abstraction and logical thinking," though they may "need more time to complete certain tasks" (p. 497). Foreign language teaching can be used to support older adult's curiosity and allow them to become more integrated into community. Additionally, older adults have their own information needs, which foreign languages can support. Koutska (2024) also mentions adjusting the topics used to be better suited for older adult learners, and having flexibility to change the tempo or content to better match the needs of the learners as things to implement in older adult programming. Information on elder abuse, social security and retirement, estate and will planning, healthcare information, living facilities, and emerging technologies are just some of the many information needs older adults in particular might have.
Note. From Older adult language learning [Illustration], by Peter Hamlin, 2025, AP News. (https://apnews.com/article/older-adults-foreign-language-learning-memory-aacbb0a115f387623a85daf1c7787e63)
For libraries to support older adult populations, one of the best things they can do is to adopt a positive aging lens to their programming and services. The American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy and Outreach Services (2018) provides many recommendations on serving this population including developing a diverse advisory group, establishing robust community partnerships, and including older adults in program planning. When creating programs, it is also helpful to decide what the goals and intended outcomes are of the program, and integrate those into its design. Evaluating the success of these goals and outcomes may take some creativity. Some will work well as a survey, but in some cases it might be better to have participants answer an "exit question" to get real-time feedback. By offering choices for participants to provide feedback, it allows for some to write or type their thoughts out, some to answer a single multiple-choice question, or to provide feedback in a tactile method, such as placing a plastic chip in a bowl based on which program outcome they resonated with the most.
When designing programs, accessibility should be kept front and center throughout the process. Designing programs to intentionally be intergenerational, not just allowing for participants of multiple ages, allows for intentional community-building, mentorship, and learning opportunities. Any program with more than a small group of participants should have a microphone, and participants and presenters should be required to use it. If a program has slides to present, turn on the real-time captioning. Even without slides, having a white slide throughout the program and turning on live captioning can be of major help to many people, even those who are not hard of hearing. Providing large-print materials, reading glasses, magnifying glasses, and technology with built-in accessibility features are also necessary, depending on the materials used in the program. Additionally, lay out the program room in a way which allows people using mobility devices of all kinds to maneuver the space, and provide enough seating for all participants. Providing the opportunity to give feedback at the very end of the program before they leave is also helpful, as it allows those with memory difficulties to provide feedback on the program.
Pie in the Sky by Remy Lai
This book, featured in my book reviews, is a middle grade novel following 12-year-old Jingwen and his 9-year-old brother Yanghao, who are both learning English. While Yanghao seems to quickly learn English, adapt to their new home, and make friends, Jingwen seemingly lags behind his peers as he struggles with English, is bullied for not understanding them, and struggles to process the grief of losing his father and moving to Australia without him. The language-learning process is depicted extremely well, with the illustrations showing alien-like characters and meaningless symbols whenever someone says something Jingwen does not understand or whenever he feels excluded. It challenges the false assumption that just because a language learner is a child, they will automatically learn quickly, instead showcasing just how much time and effort is required, both by the child and the adults around them to support their learning journey. It also shows how libraries and schools can work to support parents of language learners, providing a wide range of learning experiences and opportunities.
Aging Together: Landscape Report: This report focuses on the programming libraries provide for older adults, looking at areas in which libraries tend to excel and areas in which greater support is needed. Having been published in March 2026, this report features the most up-to-date information available, which allows for faster adoption into programming.
The Future of Library Services for and with Teens: A Call to Action: This report highlights some of the many crucial reasons why providing library services for teens is essential. It provides many recommendations on implementation of these services and ways to move forward with programming. It also highlights partnership opportunities, allowing the library services to have an even larger reach.
Gen Z and Millennials: How They Use Public Libraries and Identify Through Media Use: This report highlights some of the key generational differences in library use, and how various lifestyle factors have impacted these differences. It is helpful for understanding this particular demographic, and seeing the change over time in usage patterns.
Ideabook: Libraries for Families: This toolkit provides resources on how libraries can support lifelong learning in children, and help families support continuing their children's education outside of school. It provides programming ideas and methods through which to support family engagement in libraries.
Keys to Engaging Older Adults: This report provides crucial information on building programming for older adults within the library. It has fundamental information on the older adult population, as well as engagement opportunities and model programs.
Nourishing Minds: This wellness program is specifically designed for libraries to support mental health among teens. They provide free resources and a free planning toolkit to help design programs around mental health, integrate mental health discussions into current programming, and open up conversations with teens about their own mental health.
Transforming Library Services For and With Teens Through Continuing Education: This report is a continuation of the "Future of library services for and with teens" report. It focuses specifically on continuing education as a method for providing services to teens. They recommend specific actions for various stakeholders and provide information on implementation of the program.
American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy and Outreach Services. (2018). Keys to engaging older adults. https://www.ala.org/sites/default/files/aboutala/content/Keys%20to%20Engaging%20Older%20Adults-8-19-2019.pdf
Hamlin, P. (2025, December 15). Older adult language learning [Illustration]. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/older-adults-foreign-language-learning-memory-aacbb0a115f387623a85daf1c7787e63
Koutska, I. (2024). Teaching English as a foreign language to older adult learners: A qualitative exploration of four perspectives. Educational Gerontology, 50(6), 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2024.2312043
Leppanen, L. I. (2020). The changing perspective on adolescence. Conspectus Borealis, 6(1), Article 14. https://commons.nmu.edu/conspectus_borealis/vol6/iss1/14
Limacher-Riebold, U. (2024, December 26). Family Language Strategies. Multilingual Families. https://multilingual-families.com/family-language-strategies/
Rawson, C. (n.d.). Reimagined library services for and with teens [Infographic]. American Library Association. https://www.ala.org/yalsa/teens-first
Słowik-Krogulec, A. (2023). Exploring subjective well-being of older adult foreign language learners: Results of a pilot study. Beiträge Zur Allgemeinen Und Vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft, 12(12), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.23817/bzspr.12-7
World Health Organization. (2025, September 1). Mental health of adolescents. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health