Publications

Arnaus Gil, L. (in prep.). Attributive Adjektive im Französischen: zwischen linguistische Variation und „Early Parameter Setting“. Habilitationsschrift.

Müller, N., T. Kupisch, K. Schmitz, K. Cantone & L. Arnaus Gil. (2023). Einführung in die Mehrsprachigkeit. 4. Auflage. (=Narr Studienbücher), Tübingen: Narr.

Arnaus, Gil, L., N. Müller., M. Hüppop, M. Poeste, E. Scalise, N. Sette, A. Sivakumar, M. Tirado Espinosa & K. S. Zimmermann. (2019). Trilinguismus. Eine Einführung mit den Sprachen Deutsch, Französisch, Katalanisch und Spanisch. (=Narr Studienbücher), Tübingen: Narr.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2013). La selección copulativa y auxiliar: Las lenguas romances (español - italiano - catalán - francés) y el alemán en contacto. Su adquisición en niños bilingües y trilingües. Tübingen: Narr.

Müller, N., L. Arnaus Gil, N. Eichler, J. Geveler, M. Hager, V. Jansen, M. Patuto, V. Repetto & A. Schmeißer. (2015). Code-Switching: Spanisch, Italienisch, Französisch. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.

Arnaus Gil, L. & A. Jiménez-Gaspar. (2026). Linguistic Measures and Outcomes in (Child) Multilingualism: A Focus on Romance Languages as Heritage or Majority Languages. Educational Linguistics Series. Dordrecht: Springer. To appear.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2026). The role of siblings for heritage language maintenance. In T. Wörfel, E. Olfert & E. Gürsoy (Hgg.), Special Issue Empirische Forschung zur Herkunftssprachen und herkunftssprachlichen Unterrichtsangeboten in Deutschland. Review on Language. Accepted.

Arnaus Gil, L. (in prep.). The early acquisition of Spanish and French attributive adjectives in multilingual children: no cross-linguistic effects for intra- and interlinguistic variation. In L. Bauke, T. Rankin & D. Wegner (Hgg.), Beneficial cross-linguistic influence: competition and collaboration in multilingual syntax. Studies in Theoretical Linguistics, Springer.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2022). Spanish and German as heritage and majority languages in early multilingual acquisition: Family Language Policies and other child-external factors for heritage language competence. In P. Wolf-Farré & K. Cantone-Altinas (Hgg.), Special Issue ‘Familial and Educational Language Policies in Interaction: Ideologies and Practices for Language Maintenance in Migration Contexts’. International Journal of Multilingualism. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2040511.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2021). Age of Onset, Language Proficiency and dialectal Variation: Catalan copula Selection in locative Contexts with (non-)eventive Subjects. International Journal of Multilingualism. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1892115.

Arnaus Gil, L. & A. Jiménez-Gaspar. (2025). On the early acquisition of (null-)subjects in Catalan as a heritage language. In Mardale, A. (Hrg.), Special Issue 'Romance languages as heritage languages'. Romanica Cracoviensia. https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.24.028.20983

Arnaus Gil, L. & A. Jiménez-Gaspar (2022). Catalan as a heritage language in Germany. In T. Kupisch (Hg.), Special Issue ‘Heritage Languages in Germany’. Languages 7(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010043.

Arnaus Gil, L., L. D’Aurizio, N. Müller & G. Resmja. (2026). Socioeconomic status, the role of the heritage language and of language similarity: an empirical study on the receptive vocabulary competence in the L2 French/English of L1 German pupils. The Journal of Child Language. Submitted.

Arnaus Gil, L. & A. Jiménez-Gaspar (2022). The role of internal and external factors for code-switching: A study of early multilingualism in Germany with special reference to Catalan as a heritage language. In J. Hofweber, J. P. Zeller & J. Treffers-Daller (Hgg.), Special Issue ‘Challenging Basic Assumptions in Code-Switching Research: New Linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Evidence’. Languages 7, 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040258

Arnaus Gil, L., & Müller, N. (2026). El papel de la institución escolar para la promoción de la lengua de herencia y cómo esta favorece la adquisición de la lengua del entorno: el español y el alemán en contacto. Estudios De Lingüística Del Español, 51(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.36950/elies.2026.51.1.3

Arnaus Gil, L. & N. Müller. (2020). When grammar doesn't mind: Acceleration and delay in bilingual, trilingual and multilingual German-Romance children: Finite verb placement in German. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10(4), 530-558. Online on 13.11.2018: doi.org/10.1075/lab.17081.arn

Arnaus Gil, L. & N. Müller. (2018). French postverbal subjects: A comparison of monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual French. In J. Liceras & R. Fernández Fuertes (Hgg.), Romance Languages at the Forefront of Language Acquisition Research – Volume 1. Special Issue Languages. Languages 3 (3), 1-28. doi:10.3390/languages3030029.

Arnaus Gil, L., N. Müller, N. Sette & M. Hüppop. (2020). Active bi- and trilingualism and its influencing factors. International Multilingual Research Journal, 15(1): 1-22. doi: 10.1080/19313152.2020.1753964

Arnaus Gil, L., J. Stahnke, I. Silva Colaco & N. Müller. (2025). Heritage languages are not weak! How bilinguals benefit from language diversity. In Mardale, A. (Hrg.), Special Issue 'Romance languages as heritage languages'. Romanica Cracoviensia.https://doi.org/10.4467/20843917RC.24.024.20979

Arnaus Gil, L. J. Stahnke & N. Müller. (2021). On the acquisition of French (null) subjects and (in)definiteness: simultaneous and early sequential bi-, tri- and multilinguals. Probus. https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2021-0004.

Arnaus Gil, L., D. Wegner & N. Müller. (in prep). Acceleration effects in the acquisition of copular clauses: the beneficial influence of Spanish in early bilingualism.

D’Aurizio, L., R. Fernández-Fuertes, L. Arnaus Gil & N. Müller. (2026). The acquisition of subjects and the related cluster-properties in French and English monolingual and multilingual children. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft. Submitted.

Poeste, M., N. Müller & L. Arnaus Gil. (2019). Code-mixing and language dominance: Bilingual, trilingual and multilingual children compared. In International Journal of Multilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1569017

Rizzi, S., L. Arnaus Gil, V. Repetto, J. Müller & N. Müller. (2013). Adjective placement in bilingual Romance-Romance and Romance-German children. Studia Linguistica 67(1):123-147.

Schmeißer, A., N. Eichler, L. Arnaus Gil & N. Müller. (2017). Mélanges interpropositionnels chez les enfants bilingues franco-allemands: est-ce vraiment du code-switching? Language, Interaction and Acquisition LIA 7(2): 238-274.

Sivakumar, A., N. Sette, N. Müller & L. Arnaus Gil. (2020). Die Entwicklung des rezeptiven Wortschatzes bei bi-, tri- und multilingual aufwachsenden Kindern. Linguistische Berichte 263, 329-364. https://doi.org/10.46771/2366077500263_3

Stahnke, J., L. Arnaus Gil & N. Müller (2021). French as a heritage language in Germany. In T. Kupisch (Hg.), Special Issue ‘Heritage Languages in Germany’. Languages 6(3):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages 6030122.

Arnaus Gil, L., N. Eichler, V. Jansen, M. Patuto & N. Müller. (2012). The syntax of mixed DPs containing an adjective. Evidence from bilingual German-Romance (French, Italian, Spanish) children. In K. L. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Hgg), Proceedings from the Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 2010. Sommerville: Cascadilla Proceedings, 242-257.

Arnaus Gil, L. & A. Jiménez-Gaspar (2026). (Pre)Schoolers‘ literacy practices and heritage language acquisition: Catalan, Spanish and German as heritage languages. In L. Arnaus Gil & A. Jiménez-Gaspar, Linguistic Measures and Outcomes in (Child) Multilingualism: A Focus on Romance Languages as Heritage or Majority Languages. Educational Linguistics Series. Dordrecht: Springer. Erscheint.

D’Aurizio, L., J. Stahnke, L. Arnaus Gil, I. S. Colaco & N. Müller. (2026). Fillers in bilingual children acquiring the non-null-subject property in French: syntactic and prosodic considerations. RLLT 24, eds. J. Berns & H. Jacobs. Special Issue of Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 12(2)/4, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.530

Geveler, J., L. Arnaus Gil & N. Müller. (2018). The acquisition of variation: Romance adjective placement in bilingual children. In J. Berns, H. Jacobs & D. Nouveau (Hgg.), Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 13: Selected Papers from ‘Going Romance’ 29, Nijmegen. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1075/rllt.13.10gev

Jiménez-Gaspar, A. & L. Arnaus Gil. (2022). The role of (older) siblings in the acquisition of heritage languages: early Catalan-German bilingualism in Germany. In T. Pinheiro (Hg.), Cultura en transició. Estudis culturals de catalanística. Aachen: Shaker, 165-211.

Patuto, M., M. Hager, L. Arnaus Gil, N. Eichler, V. Jansen, A. Schmeißer & N. Müller. (2014). Child-external and -internal factors in bilingual code-switching: Spanish, Italian, French and German. In A. Koll-Stobbe & S. Knospe (Hgg.), Language Contact Around the Globe. Proceedings of the LCTG3 Conference. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 191-209.

Stahnke, J., L. Arnaus Gil, J. Cadórniga Martínez, A. Jiménez-Gaspar, E. Scalise & A. Sivakumar. (2024). Preverbal, postverbal and null-subjects in Spanish: Comparing multilingual speaker groups and methods. In J. Grünke, A. Peskova & C. Gabriel (Hgg.), Spanish as a second and third language: approaching the linguistics-didactics interface. Band: Sprachen Lehren - Sprachen Lernen. Berlin: Frank & Timme Verlag, 147-176. https://doi.org/10.57088/978-3-7329-8970-6_7

Arnaus Gil, L. (2026). Receptive and expressive skills in French, Spanish and Catalan as heritage languages in Germany. How family and (pre)school team up for heritage language acquisition. Waxmann Verlag. Erscheint.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2026). Language contact and first-language acquisition. In L. Cerno, H.-J. Döhla, M. Gutiérrez Maté, R. Hesselbach & J. Steffen (Hgg.), Contact varieties of Spanish and Spanish-lexified contact varieties. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. Erscheint.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2022). Kapitel 18: Codes und Code-switching. In W. Mihatsch, S. Dipper & R. Klabunde Eine Einführung in die Sprachwissenschaft für Germanisten, Romanisten und Anglisten. 2 Bände. Heidelberg: Springer.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2015). Kapitel 9: Intrasententiales Code-Switching zwischen Adjektiv und Nomen. In N. Müller et al. (Hrg), Code-Switching: Spanisch, Französisch, Italienisch. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2015). Kapitel 6: Acquisitional advantages of simultaneous 3L1 trilingual children: the Spanish copulas SER and ESTAR. In P. Safont & L. Portolés (Hgg.), Learning And Using Multiple Languages: Current Findings From Research On Multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 134-154.

Arnaus Gil, L. & N. Müller. (2020). Els verbs copulatius catalans ésser i estar i la seva adquisició en edats primerenques. Un estudi sobre el trilingüisme precoç a Espanya i Alemanya. Contact, variation, and change in Romance and beyond. Studies in honor of Trudel Meisenburg. Studienreihe Romania (StR). Erich Schmidt publishing company: Berlin, 283-300.

Arnaus Gil, L., A. Jiménez-Gaspar & N. Müller. (2018). The acquisition of Spanish SER and ESTAR in bilingual and trilingual children: delay and enhancement. In A. Cuza & P. Guijarro-Fuentes (Hgg.), Language Acquisition and Contact in the Iberian Peninsula. Mouton de Gruyter (SOLA series), 91-124. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509988-005

Arnaus Gil, L. & N. Müller. (2015). The acquisition of Spanish in a bilingual and a trilingual L1 setting: Combining Spanish with German, French and Catalan. In T. Judy & S. Perpiñán (Hgg), The Acquisition of Spanish in Understudied Language Pairings. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 135-168.

Schmeißer, A., M. Hager, L. Arnaus Gil, V. Jansen, J. Geveler, N. Eichler, M. Patuto & N. Müller. (2016). Related but different: The two concepts of language dominance and language proficiency. In C. Silva-Corvalán & J. Treffers-Daller (Hgg), Language Dominance in Bilinguals: Issues of operationalization and measurement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 36-65.

Sivakumar-Thiyagarajah, A., N. Müller & L. Arnaus Gil. (2020). Code-mixing in the Weak Language: A Case Study of the Simultaneous Acquisition of French, Italian and Spanish. In C. Suárez-Gómez & P. Guijarro Fuentes (eds.), New Trends in Language Acquisition within the Generative Perspective. Springer, 165-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1932-0_7

Arnaus Gil, L. (2016). Bilingüismo: La adquisición del español y del alemán en edades tempranas. In B. Springer (Hrsg), La comunicación hispano-alemana. Por qué no nos entendemos y cómo conseguirlo. Kassel: Reichenberger, 71-84.

Arnaus Gil, L. (2016). Frühkindliche Mehrsprachigkeit. Transnationale Familien in Deutschland, Spanien, Frankreich und Italien. In MagazIn (Ausgabe WS16/17): Bergische Universität Wuppertal.