October 2021
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September 2021
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August 2021
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July 2021
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June 2021
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May 2021
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April 2021
Panic of 1901, a U.S. economic recession that started with a fight for financial control of the Northern Pacific Railway
Panic of 1907, a U.S. economic recession with bank failures
Acehnese War (1873–1904)
Philippine-American War (1899–1902)
South African War (1899–1902)
The War of a Thousand Days (1899–1903)
Boxer Rebellion (1900–01)
Moro Wars (1901–13)
Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)
Pig War (1906–09)
Mexican Revolution (1910–20)
Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
World War I (1914–18)
Baltic War of Liberation (1918–20)
Russian Civil War (1918–20)
Russo-Polish War (1919–20)
Rif War (1921–26)
1918 influenza pandemic ('Spanish flu') 1918–1920 Worldwide, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
1929–1930 Psittacosis Pandemic 1929–1930 Worldwide, Psittacosis
1901–1936: Holy Man's Rebellion.
1903: The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising breaks out in the Ottoman Empire.
1904: A liberal revolution in Paraguay.
1904–1908: Macedonian Struggle.
1904–1908: Herero Wars.
1905–1907: The failed revolution against Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
1905: The revolution of Therisso.
1905: Argentine Revolution of 1905.
1905–1906: The Persian/Iranian constitutional revolution.
1905–1906: The Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa.
1905: Shoubak Revolt.
1905: Łódź insurrection.
1905–1907: Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07).
1905–1906: 1905 Tibetan Rebellion.
1905–1907: 1905 Russian Revolution, which was abortive and ultimately crushed, though forming the critical precedent for the 1917 Russian Revolution.
1906: Bambatha Rebellion.
1906–1908: Theriso revolt.
1907: The Romanian Peasants' Revolt.
1908: The Young Turk Revolution: Young Turks force the autocratic ruler Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire.
1909: Hauran Druze Rebellion.
1910–1920: The Mexican Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of power by the National Revolutionary Party (later called Institutional Revolutionary Party).
1910: The republican revolution in Portugal.
1910: The Albanian Revolt of 1910 against Ottoman centralization policies in Albania.
1910–1911: The Sokehs Rebellion erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its primary leader, Somatau, is executed soon after being captured.
1911–1912: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the ruling Qing dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China.
1911–1912: The East Timorese rebellion against colonial Portugal.
1912: The Albanian Revolt of 1912 against Ottoman Empire rule in Albania.
1913: The Second Revolution against President Yuan Shikai of China.
1914: The Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side, opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives, and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow massacre. The Ten Days War ended when federal troops intervened.
1914–1915: The Boer Revolt against the British in South Africa.
1914: The Revolt of Peasants of Central Albania overthrows Prince William of Wied.
1915: The Armenian Revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey.
1915–1916: The National Protection War against the Empire of China headed by Emperor Yuan Shikai. The Republic of China was restored.
1916: The Easter Rising in Dublin, Ireland during which the Irish Republic was proclaimed.
1916: An anti-French uprising in Algeria.
1916: The Central Asian Revolt started when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.
1916: Cochinchina uprising of Vietnam against French colonialism
1916–1917: The Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.
1916–1918: The Arab Revolt with the aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
1916–1923: The Irish War of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State. Sparking the Irish Civil War between pro-treaty forces and pro-republic forces
1916–1947: The Indian people's struggle against the British for Indian Independence.
1917: The French Army Mutinies.
1917: Thái Nguyên uprising of Vietnam, led by Trinh Van Can, against French colonialism
1917: The February Revolution made Tsar Nicholas II abdicate and abolishes the Russian monarchy
1917: The Green Corn Rebellion takes place in rural Oklahoma.
1917: The October Revolution in Russia: Bolsheviks take over the provisional government of the Russian Republic, instituting the first socialist society in the world. The chaos leads to the final collapse of the Russian Empire as many peripheral territories declare independence and anti-Bolshevik forces rose in revolt against the new Soviet Russian order, sparking the Russian Civil War, eventually leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
1917–1921: The Ukrainian Revolution: Nationalists and Soviet allies both declare separate republics in Ukraine, fighting anarchists under Nestor Makhno as well as White forces loyal to the Ukrainian State, a German puppet state.
1918: The Finnish Civil War: Finnish Red Guards sympathetic to the Bolsheviks in Russia rise in revolt against the newly independent Finnish Whites, supported by the German Empire.
1918: The Wilhelmshaven mutiny.
1918: The German Revolution overthrows the Kaiser; establishment of the Weimar Republic after a brief socialist uprising by the Spartacists.
1918–1919: A wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru. These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui.
1918–1919: The Greater Poland Uprising, Polish uprising against German authorities.
1918–1919: The 1919 Egyptian revolution against the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan.
1918–1920: The Georgian–Ossetian conflict, the southern Ossetians revolted against Georgian rule.[156]
1918–1922: The Third Russian Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against Bolshevism.
1918–1931: The Basmachi Revolt against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
1919: The Christmas uprising in Montenegro: Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of the Kingdom of Montenegro with the Kingdom of Serbia.
1919–1920: Iraqi revolt against the British and British-Indian troops, attempting to create a Muslim regime or the restoration of Ottoman rule.
1919–1921: The Tambov Rebellion, one of the largest peasant rebellions against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
1919–1921: The Silesian uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule.
1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
1919: Simko Shikak revolt in Persia.
1919: A revolution in Hungary, resulting in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.
1919: March 1st movement In Korea against the Japanese occupation (1910). Ultimately fails
1920: The Pitchfork uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan.
1920–1922: Patagonia Rebelde, the uprising and violent suppression of a rural workers' strike in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz in Patagonia between 1920 and 1922.
1920–1922: Gandhi led Non-cooperation movement.
1920: The Husino uprising in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
1921: The Battle of Blair Mountain ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebel in West Virginia, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the largest armed, organized uprising in American labor history.
1921: The Kronstadt rebellion of Soviet sailors against the government of the early Russian SFSR.
1921: The Poplar Rates Rebellion.
1921: The rebellion of Mirdita led by Markagjoni declares the independence of Republic of Mirdita from Albania.
1921–1922: The Karelian Uprising
1921–1923: The Yakut Revolt.
1921–1924: A revolution in (Outer) Mongolia re-establishes the country's independence and sets out to construct a Soviet-style socialist state.
1921: The Moplah rebellion, uprising against the colonial British authority and Hindu landlords in the Malabar in South India by Mappila Muslims, aftermath of a series of peasant uprising in the past centuries.
1922: The March on Rome, organized mass demonstration which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party acceding to power in the Kingdom of Italy.
1922: The Bondelswarts Rebellion by Khoikhoi people against the apartheid regime of South West Africa.
1922–1923: The Irish Civil War, between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the government of the Irish Free State and more radical members of the original Irish Republican Army who opposed the treaty and the new government.
1923: Bajram Curri attacks gendarmerie of Kruma, Albania.
1923: The founding of the Republic of Turkey by overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
1923: The Klaipėda Revolt in the Memel territory that had been detached from Germany after World War I.
1923: The Adwan Rebellion in Jordan.
1924–1925: The Khost rebellion in Afghanistan.
1924: The August Uprising in Georgia against Soviet rule.
1925: The Sheikh Said Rebellion.
1925: The July Revolution in Ecuador.
1925–1927: The Great Syrian Revolt, a revolt initiated by the Druze and led by Sultan al-Atrash against French Mandate.
1926: Angry catholic peasants of Dukagjin, Shkodër fight against army and gendarmerie.
1926: The National Revolution in Portugal initiated a period known as the National Dictatorship.
1926–1929: The Cristero War in Mexico, an uprising against anti-clerical government policy.
1926–1927: The first Communist rebellion in Indonesia against colonialism and imperialism of Dutch colonial government.
1927: KMT Military forces in Nanchang uprising under the leadership of He Long and Zhou Enlai, attempting to seize control of the city after the end of the first Kuomintang-Communist alliance, marking the Nanchang uprising and the establishment of the People's Liberation Army.
1927: Sheikh Abdurrahman rebellion by Kurdish Zazas against Turkey.
1927–1930: The Wahhabi Rebellion of Ikhwan against Ibn Saud in Arabia.
1927–1931: The Ağrı Rebellion by Kurds against Turkey.
1927–1933: A rebellion led by Augusto César Sandino against the United States presence in Nicaragua.
1928–1931: A rebellion led by Bhagat Singh against the British Rule in India.
1929: The Women's War broke out when thousands of Igbo women traveled to the town of Oloko to protest against the Warrant Chiefs, whom they accused of restricting the role of women in the government.
1903 – Kishinev pogrom (Kishinev, Russia, now in Moldova)
1904 – Vaccine Revolt (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
1905 – Hibiya Incendiary Incident (Japan)
1905 – Broome riots (Australia)
1905 – Bloody Sunday (St. Petersburg, Russia)
1905 - Pagoda riots Cantonese versus Hakka clans (Mauritius)
1906 – Atlanta race riot (Atlanta, United States)[20]
1907 – Bellingham riots (Bellingham, Washington, United States)
1907 – Brown Dog riots, (London, UK)
1908 – Springfield Race Riot (Springfield, Illinois, United States)
1909 – Tragic Week (Catalonia, Spain)
1910 – Black Friday Riot (London, UK)
1910 – Tonypandy Riot (South Wales, UK)
1911 – Champagne Riots (France)
1911 – 1911 Curepipe riots (Mauritius)
1915 – The 1st and 2nd Battle of the Wazzir[21][22]
1915 – Anti-German riots across Britain in retaliation for the sinking of the RMS Lusitania
1916 – Everett massacre (Everett, Washington, United States)
1916 – Liverpool riot of 1916 (Sydney, Australia)
1917 – East St. Louis Riot (St. Louis, Missouri & East St. Louis, Illinois, United States)[23]
1917 – Quebec Easter riots (Quebec, Canada)
1917 – Houston riot of 1917 (Houston, United States)
1918 – Rice Riots of 1918 (Japan)
1918 - 1918 Kudus riot an anti-Chinese pogrom in Semarang Regency, Dutch East Indies
1918 – Anti-Greek riots, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, involved 5,000 veterans destroying and looting over 20 Greek businesses causing $100,000 damage, 16 police and 150 rioting veterans and civilians were hurt[24]
1918/19 – Red Flag Riots, Queensland, Australia, largely undertaken by members of the First Australian Imperial Force
1919 – Battle of Bow Street (Bow Street, London, UK)
1919 – British race riots
1919 – Luton Peace Day Riots, (Luton, UK)
1919 – Red Summer (United States)
1919 – Annapolis riot of 1919 (United States)
1919 – May Day Riots (Cleveland, United States)
1919 – Jenkins County, Georgia (United States)
1919 – Charleston, South Carolina (United States)
1919 – Bisbee, Arizona (United States)
1919 – Longview, Texas (United States)
1919 – Knoxville, Tennessee (United States)
1919 – Omaha, Nebraska (United States)
1919 – Chicago race riot (Chicago, United States)
1919 – Washington, D.C. (United States)[25]
1919 – Boston Police Strike (Boston, United States)
1919 – Elaine Race Riot (Elaine, Arkansas, United States)
1919 – Bloody Saturday (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)
1920 – Nebi Musa riots (British Mandate of Palestine, later Israel)
1921 - Black Wall Street Massacre
1921 – March Action (Mansfeld Land, Germany)
1921 – Jaffa riots (British Mandate of Palestine, later Israel, May 1–7, 1921)
1921 – Tulsa Race Riot (Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States)[26]
1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday (10 July 1921 in Belfast, Northern Ireland)
1921 – Bloody Night (19 October 1921, in Lisbon, Portugal)
1921–1922 – Moplah Riots (Southern Malabar, British India, later India)
1922 – Harry Thuku Riot, Nairobi, Kenya, March 15–16. The violence and its suppression lasted a minute or two at the most.[27]
1922 – Herrin Massacre (Herrin, Illinois, United States)
1923 – Hamburg Uprising (Hamburg, Germany, on October 23, 1923)
1923 – Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)[28]
1927 – Nagpur riots of 1927 (Nagpur, India)
1929 – Blutmai (Berlin, Germany)
1929 – Hebron–Safed riots (British Mandate of Palestine, later Israel)
Depression of 1920-21, a U.S. economic recession following the end of WW1
Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression (1929–1939) the worst depression of modern history
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March 2021
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Summary:
After the polar ice caps, the Himalayas have the largest amount of glaciers. More than thirty thousand sq. km of the Himalayan region is covered by the glaciers that can provide around 8.6 million cubic meters of water every year. Rivers, including the Ganga, the Indus, the Brahmaputra, the Salween, the Mekong, the Yangtze and the Yellow river are fed by glaciers in the Himalayas. Millions of people rely on this annual water supply to survive. Over the past several decades global climate change has influenced the Himalayan mountain glaciers significantly, pushing tempertures close to melting conditions (Rai and Gurung 2005). Recently, the Himalayan glaciers have been in a status of retreat at an increasing rate which will eventually result in a water shortage for all Himalayan countries (e.g. China, India, Nepal, and Bhutan).
Critical Statistics:
According to World Wildlife Fund report, more than two-thirds of all Himalayan glaciers are retreating (Rai and Gurung 2005).
Glaciers in the Chinese Himalayas are retreating at an increasing rate, particularly in the past 50 years. Between 1950 and 1970, more than 320 glaciers, in a study by Rai and Gurung (2005), were retreating.After 1990, this number increased to nearly 600. That is almost 95% of the total number of studied glaciers which shows a more widespread trend of glacial retreat (Rai and Gurung 2005).
Almost all the glaciers in the region of Mount Everest have been retreating during the last century.An important source of freshwater into Tibet, the Rongbuk Glacier has been retreating 20 m annually (Rai and Gurung 2005).
In India, the Gangotri Glacier retreated around 30 m every year during the recent decade.Melt water from this glacier has been a significant source for the Ganges River (Rai and Gurung 2005).
Causes:
About 70% of Himalayan glaciers are retreating rapidly and climate change has been reported as the major factor (Ageta and Kadota 1991).
Military activities between India and Pakistan has been blamed for much of the retreat of the Indian Siachen glaciers (Hasnain 2005).Since 1984, both countries have been placing huge amount of armies and permanent military personnel in the Siachen glacial region. In 2003, a ceasefire was declared by both sides along the International Border around Siachen, but how long the impacts of military activities will continue remains unknown (Ahmed 2007).
Impacts:
River discharge will increase in the short term, however, "in the long run, ... water supplies in those regions (Himalayas rivers) will be in peril" (Qin 2009).
Thousands of glacial lakes have been created in this region.Glacier Lakes Outburst Floods (GLOF) are occurring with higher frequency than previous decades (Rai and Gurung 2005). For example, according a report from a Tibetan local government, if there’s a GLOF at the Longbasaba and Pida lakes, 23 towns and more than 12 thousand people will be endangered (Xin et al. 2008).
Impacts to agriculture include soil loss due to soil erosion, landslides and floods, and temperature increase.
A decrease in surface albedo will accelerate the global climate change which will in turn increase the speed of glacial retreat.
What is Next:
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report (IPCC 2007), the glacial retreat in the Himalayan region is continuing at an increasing rate, and due to the projected climate change in the near future, a great number of existing glaciers
February 2021
to be continued in our next post on the 30th March...
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January 2021
The Kyklos (Ancient Greek "cycle") is a term used by some classical Greek authors and philosophers to describe what they considered as the cycle of governments in a society. Three main interpretations from Plato, Aristotle and Polybius.
Plato - 5 forms of government: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny, and writes that governments devolve respectively in this order from aristocracy into tyranny. Plato believes that having a philosopher king, and thus having an aristocratic form of government is the most desirable.
Aristotle - Aristotle writes about the cycle of governments in his Politics. He believes the cycle begins with monarchy and ends in anarchy, and that it does not start anew. He also refers to democracy as the degenerate form of rule by the many and calls the virtuous form politeia, which is often translated as constitutional democracy.
Polybius - According to Polybius, who has the most fully developed version of the Kyklos, it rotates through the three basic forms of government: democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy, and the three degenerate forms of each of these governments: ochlocracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. Originally society is in ochlocracy but the strongest figure emerges and sets up a monarchy.
All the philosophers believed that this cycling was harmful. The transitions would often be accompanied by violence and turmoil, and a good part of the cycle would be spent with the degenerate forms of government.
Polybius, in contrast to Aristotle, focuses on the idea of mixed government: the idea that the ideal government is one that blends elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. Aristotle mentions this notion but pays little attention to it. Polybius saw the Roman Republic as the embodiment of this mixed constitution, and this would explain why the Roman Republic was so powerful and why it would remain stable for a longer amount of time.
Aristocracy - Aristocracy (Greek: ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos 'excellent', and κράτος, kratos 'rule') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats. The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning 'rule of the best'.
Timocracy - A timocracy (from Greek τιμή timē, "honor, worth" and -κρατία -kratia, "rule") in Aristotle's Politics is a state where only property owners may participate in government. The more extreme forms of timocracy, where power derives entirely from wealth with no regard for social or civic responsibility, may shift in their form and become a plutocracy where the wealthy rule.
Oligarchy - Oligarchy (from Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía); from ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few', and ἄρχω (arkho) 'to rule or to command') is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may be distinguished by nobility, wealth, education, corporate, religious, political, or military control. Such states are often controlled by families who pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition of oligarchy.
Democracy - Democracy comes out of oligarchy, as oligarchy degenerates into a democracy where freedom is the supreme good but freedom is also slavery. In democracy, the lower class grows bigger and bigger. The poor become the winners. People are free to do what they want and live how they want. People can even break the law if they so choose. This appears to be very similar to anarchy. Plato uses the "democratic man" to represent democracy. The democratic man is the son of the oligarchic man. Unlike his father, the democratic man is consumed with unnecessary desires. Plato describes necessary desires as desires that we have out of instinct or desires that we have to survive. Unnecessary desires are desires we can teach ourselves to resist such as the desire for riches. The democratic man takes great interest in all the things he can buy with his money. Plato believes that the democratic man is more concerned with his money over how he can help the people. He does whatever he wants whenever he wants to do it. His life has no order or priority.
Tyranny - Tyranny is the outcome of failed demcracy. Democracy then degenerates into tyranny where no one has discipline and society exists in chaos. Democracy is taken over by the longing for freedom. Power must be seized to maintain order. A champion will come along and experience power, which will cause him to become a tyrant. The people will start to hate him and eventually try to remove him but will realize they are not able.
The tyrannical man is the son of the democratic man. He is the worst form of man due to his being the most unjust and thus the furthest removed from any joy of the true kind. He is consumed by lawless desires which cause him to do many terrible things such as murdering and plundering. He comes closest to complete lawlessness. The idea of moderation does not exist to him. He is consumed by the basest pleasures in life, and being granted these pleasures at a whim destroys the type of pleasure only attainable through knowing pain. If he spends all of his money and becomes poor, the tyrant will steal and conquer to satiate his desires, but will eventually overreach and force unto himself a fear of those around him, effectively limiting his own freedom. The tyrant always runs the risk of being killed in revenge for all the unjust things he has done. He becomes afraid to leave his own home and becomes trapped inside. Therefore, his lawlessness leads to his own self-imprisonment.
One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government:
to government by one individual (in an autocracy)
to government by a minority (in an oligarchy, tyranny of the minority)
to government by a majority (in a democracy, tyranny of the majority)
Ochlocracy - Ochlocracy or Mob rule (Greek: ὀχλοκρατία, romanized: okhlokratía; Latin: ochlocratia) is the rule of government by a mob or mass of people and the intimidation of legitimate authorities. Insofar as it represents a pejorative for majoritarianism, it is akin to the Latin phrase mobile vulgus, meaning "the fickle crowd", from which the English term "mob" originally was derived in the 1680s.
Monarchy - A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to restricted (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative and judicial. A monarchy can be a polity through unity, personal union, vassalage or federation, and monarchs can carry various titles such as emperor, king, queen, raja, maharaja, khan, caliph, tsar, sultan, or shah.
Aristocracy > timocracy > oligarchy > democracy > tyranny and then back to Monarchy/Aristocracy
Monarchy > anarchy (with several stages of degeneration in between) and then back to Monarchy
Monarchy/tyranny > aristocracy/oligarchy > democracy/ochlocracy and the cycle restarts
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