Alternatively, it could be that the first element on a trial evoked a novelty response in areas such as the anterior hippocampus. However, this would also been the case when imagined objects were visualised in previous studies (e.g. Hassabis, Kumaran, & Maguire, 2007; Summerfield et al., 2009) and yet no hippocampal or other core network activations were apparent in those studies. It might be that the more widespread memory network activated for element 1 was associated with encoding, although the same could be argued for previous studies where no such activations were present (Hassabis, Kumaran, & Maguire, 2007; Summerfield et al., 2009). However, the present task embodied the known need to integrate the first element with perhaps as many as five subsequent elements. The activation of core network areas may reflect the active encoding of element 1 for later integration with future elements. The difficulty with this explanation concerns element 2.

In this study, the performance of OFDM based bidirectional relay network which employs Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC) is analyzed in the presence of phase noise. The bidirectional relay network is assumed to consist of two sources and a relay, where each node has a single antenna and operates in half duplex mode. The PLNC based OFDM system transmits high data streams over numerous sub channels in frequency domain. Each sub channel is a narrow band flat fading channel, thereby achieving high spectral efficiency over wide band channels. In practice, phase noise is introduced with the information symbols transmitted on all subcarriers in OFDM transceiver. The influence of phase noise on the received signals are analyzed at both the Multiple Access Channel (MAC) and at the Broadcast Channel (BC) environments.


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Contrary to existing Deep RL libraries such as RLlib, which could only accept a config specification of hyperparameters, network, and others, Tianshou provides an easy way of construction through the code-level.

Output: some logits, the next hidden state state. The logits could be a tuple instead of a torch.Tensor, or some other useful variables or results during the policy forwarding procedure. It depends on how the policy class process the network output. For example, in PPO [SWD+17], the return of the network might be (mu, sigma), state for Gaussian policy.

The logits here indicates the raw output of the network. In supervised learning, the raw output of prediction/classification model is called logits, and here we extend this definition to any raw output of the neural network.

Recent research developing neural network architectures with external memory have often used the benchmark bAbI question and answering dataset which provides a challenging number of tasks requiring reasoning. Here we employed a classic associative inference task from the memory-based reasoning neuroscience literature in order to more carefully probe the reasoning capacity of existing memory-augmented architectures. This task is thought to capture the essence of reasoning -- the appreciation of distant relationships among elements distributed across multiple facts or memories. Surprisingly, we found that current architectures struggle to reason over long distance associations. Similar results were obtained on a more complex task involving finding the shortest path between nodes in a path. We therefore developed MEMO, an architecture endowed with the capacity to reason over longer distances. This was accomplished with the addition of two novel components. First, it introduces a separation between memories (facts) stored in external memory and the items that comprise these facts in external memory. Second, it makes use of an adaptive retrieval mechanism, allowing a variable number of "memory hops" before the answer is produced. MEMO is capable of solving our novel reasoning tasks, as well as match state of the art results in bAbI.

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