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The correct answer is B. Endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened, interconnected sacs and tubules that is present in both plant and animal cells. There are two types of ER: rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The RER is studded with ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis. The newly synthesized proteins then enter the lumen of the RER, where they are modified and folded into their final conformation before being transported to other organelles or to the plasma membrane. In contrast, the SER is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of drugs and other harmful compounds.
The correct answer is B. Bags of hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are capable of breaking down a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are then transported to the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the lysosomes. Lysosomes are responsible for the degradation and recycling of cellular components, as well as for the degradation of materials taken into the cell by endocytosis.
The correct answer is B. Lysosomes. Autodigestion is a process in which a cell's own enzymes cause it to degrade or break down its own components. Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. If lysosomes are not functioning properly, their enzymes can be released into the cytoplasm, causing autodigestion. This can lead to a number of diseases, known as Lysosomal storage disorders.
Golgi bodies and Peroxisomes do not cause autodigestion and Microsomes are tiny vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. They are involved in the breakdown of certain molecules, but not in the autodigestion.
The study of cellular organelles is clinically relevant because it allows us to understand the functions of different organelles and how they contribute to the overall health of a cell. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and folding, and defects in the ER can lead to various diseases such as cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, lysosomes are responsible for the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and defects in lysosomes can lead to a number of diseases known as Lysosomal storage disorders.
The structure and composition of biomembranes are also clinically relevant because they play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the cell and its organelles. For example, the plasma membrane controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, and defects in its structure or composition can lead to diseases such as sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs disease. Similarly, the mitochondria, which are surrounded by an inner and outer membrane, is responsible for energy production in the cell and defects in this membrane can lead to diseases such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
Transport systems are also clinically relevant because they enable the movement of molecules across the cell membrane. For example, the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for maintaining the balance of ions inside and outside the cell, and defects in this pump can lead to diseases such as Bartter's syndrome and Gitelman's syndrome. Similarly, defects in the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane can lead to diabetes.
Overall, the study of cellular organelles, structure and composition of biomembranes, and transport systems is clinically relevant because it allows us to understand the underlying causes of various diseases and to develop new therapies to treat or prevent them.