The Origins and History of Krampus

Krampus is a devilish creature that emerges around Christmastime in Alpine regions of Europe, particularly Austria and Germany, to punish misbehaving children. Legend has it he captures particularly naughty kids in his sack and carries them away to his lair. The origins of Krampus date back to pre-Christian pagan times and he is considered the sinister companion of St. Nicholas.

According to folklore historians, Krampus originated from traditions honoring the Norse god Odin. As Christianity spread into Northern and Central European pagan areas, he became absorbed into celebrations of St. Nicholas Day on December 5. Krampus plays the “bad cop” to St. Nicholas’ “good cop,” using fear to encourage good behavior.

Some of the earliest known written accounts and visual depictions of Krampus date from 17th century Austria. He is described as a demonic creature with hooves, goat-like horns, long pointed tongue, and shaggy black fur. Chains and bells are his characteristic accessories. He is seen carrying bundles of birch sticks and a sack to cart away disobedient children.

In the 1920s, the church tried to ban Krampus celebrations because of his frightening appearance, but the tradition continued on in small villages. After Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany in 1938, he was once again prohibited because the regime considered him a creation of the church they opposed.

Today, Krampus celebrations known as Krampusnacht have exploded in popularity in Austria and expanded into other parts of Europe and North America. Costumed “Krampuses” run loudly through the streets with Krampus troupes during the holiday season, terrifying people of all ages with dramatic chases and threats from their bundles of sticks. Though his look and tactics seem harsh by modern standards, Krampus remains an integral traditional element of Christmas in Alpine towns.

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