The more languages you learn, the more you learn how different they are. One of the things that has struck me (and Shannon) about our recent experiences with Korean is how difficult Korean vocabulary can be.
When I was studying for my A levels in French and Spanish, I would spend my free periods using up pages and pages of my notepad writing and re-writing loads of vocabulary, because, clearly, I was a cool kid who knew how to make best use of those free periods.
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Estimates of the percentage of Sino-Korean ranges from as low as 30%[1] to as high as 70%.[2] According to the Standard Korean Language Dictionary published by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL), Sino-Korean represents approximately 57% of the Korean vocabulary.[3]
The use of Chinese and Chinese characters in Korea dates back to at least 194 BCE. While Sino-Korean words were widely used during the Three Kingdoms period, they became even more popular during the Silla period. During this time, male aristocrats changed their given names to Sino-Korean names. Additionally, the government changed all official titles and place names in the country to Sino-Korean.[4]
Sino-Korean words remained popular during the Goryeo and Joseon periods.[4] Ultimately, the majority of Sino-Korean words were introduced before 1945, including Sino-Japanese words themselves that were introduced to Korea during Japanese Occupation.[5] In the contemporary era, Sino-Korean vocabulary has continued to grow in South Korea, where the meanings of Chinese characters are used to produce new words in Korean that do not exist in Chinese. By contrast, North Korean policy has called for many Sino-Korean words to be replaced by native Korean terms.[6]
Sino-Korean words constitute a large portion of South Korean vocabulary, the remainder being native Korean words and loanwords from other languages, such as Japanese and English to a lesser extent. Sino-Korean words are typically used in formal or literary contexts,[5] and to express abstract or complex ideas.[7]
All Korean surnames and most Korean given names are Sino-Korean.[4] Additionally, Korean numerals can be expressed with Sino-Korean and native Korean words, though each set of numerals has different purposes.[7]
There are 17 weeks until the TOPIK 2 Korean proficiency exam in April! Time to sit myself down and make a study plan, I thought. Bur first, before anything, I took an online past paper test to see what score I can expect and where I need to improve.
Then after crying about how badly I did on the test (kidding not kidding), I made the study schedule. I wrote down the weeks and dates, and what I plan on doing for studying. I also leave two weeks open before the exam to review all my work. I only made the schedule up to 3 weeks from now, which is by when I estimate to be finished with the current vocabulary book I am using.
This is just how I learn vocabulary. Listening, grammar and writing are other skills that need different study strategies. I believe neither of these should be done in isolation! When I watch Korean dramas, I make sure to write down new words too. It helps with my listening as well. Writing and reading go hand in hand, so I make sure to read as much Korean as I can through articles online or novels I have at home.
Yesterday morning, when I was kind of half asleep, I took this test which asks a number of questions in Korean, ranging from pre-intermediate to advanced levels, and makes an assessment based on your answers about the size of your vocabulary and the age of your vocabulary. As always - interpret quizzes like this with caution - they are not always a true reflection of skill and ability.
Access the quiz through this URL: -vocabulary-size-test/en/Ā
This is my score:
Jess. Langblr. Long-term Korean student.
Follows and comments back from @imleavingonatrain ?
I failed the TOPIK II exam in 2019 so I need accountability for my studying to get Level 4 in 2021.
Power Up Korean Vocabulary is full of essential information that beginning to intermediate level students must know. This book presents important lexical, grammatical, and cultural information of the words along with helpful warnings against common mistakes by Korean learners. Students are expected to expand their vocabulary easily and in an interesting way while practicing 25 lessons.
The site is secure.Ā
Ā The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Results:Ā Mean vocabulary size was slightly larger in the offline than the online group, but the groups were acquiring almost identical words. Mean vocabulary size did not differ by country; girls and older children had larger vocabularies in both countries. The Korean-U.S. Q correlations for percentage use of LDS words (.53 and .56) indicated considerable concordance across countries in lexical composition. Noun dominance was as large in Korean lexicons as in U.S. lexicons. About half of the most commonly reported words for the Korean and U.S. children were identical. Lexicons of late talkers resembled those of typically developing younger children in the same sample.
Conclusions:Ā Despite linguistic and discourse differences between Korean and English, LDS findings indicated considerable cross-linguistic similarity with respect to vocabulary size, lexical composition, and late talking.
Learning Korean vocabulary may be the most important thing you can do to improve your ability to speak Korean. After all, you can only understand what others are saying if you have enough vocabulary knowledge. So learning and developing Korean vocabulary knowledge is an absolute must for all Korean learners.
Like the nouns, Korean verbs work in the same way as English verbs. We can use verbs to describe actions and states. The tables below show some of the more common verbs in Korean. (Check out our article on Korean verb conjugation to learn how to conjugate as well!)
We can use Korean adverbs to modify verbs, and many of these adverbs end inĀ or . There are also many adverbs we can use to modify adjectives, such asĀ (really) andĀ (very). Below are some of the more common adverbs in Korean.
Many particles have several different uses, so a single particle can be used to say where we are going to but also where we are. This is not different from English prepositions, as they are often used in many different ways also.
Korean uses a lot of loanwords, and many of them are from English. The use of loanwords is so common that it is important for you to learn them. The main difficulty of learning these loanwords is that you have to pronounce them the way you would pronounce Korean words, so pronunciation can prove to be a little tricky.
Before I dive into the tips on how to learn Korean vocabulary effectively, we should ask ourselves at which stage of my Korean learning should we be focusing on vocabulary, which type of vocabulary and why.
I started keeping a study notebook when I was a beginner. One section of the notebook was dedicated to vocabulary where I jotted down the words that I come across. The benefits are two-fold: (1) It helped with the practice of writing the Korean alphabet and (2) I can refer back to my notes when I come across the same word again. However as time goes on, when I reached intermediate level, there are just too many new words and I was too lazy to keep track of all of them. This is because I knew that the next time I see the same word, I can easily check it up in the dictionary to refresh my memory, which is actually quicker than if I had to refer to my unorganised notes. I also found it much easier to remember Korean vocabulary when I became more advance in my Korean studies. Maybe that was because I had got used to the Hangul and the sound of Korean words. Therefore it is really not necessary to be in a rush to cram vocabulary at the beginner stage.
To be effective in expanding your vocabulary, you would want to prioritise vocabulary commonly used in day to day conversations. Using just flash cards or rote memorisation alone, you never know if you are wasting time and effort on obsolete word that no one really use. In contrast, with this approach, it basically guarantees that the words you have the strongest memory of are the words that are used the most often. If you come across a word and never come across it a second time, that is good evidence that the word is not in common usage, so why do you care?
When I come across a new word and check it in the dictionary, usually I also listen to the dictionary pronunciation and read it out loud after it. This is important too as it combined visual with audio memory. The sound of the word is another layer of context that you wrap around the word you are learning. This is why usually it is much easier to remember lyrics than a standalone passage.
I do not recommend flash cards or flash card types of app such as Memrise. Also I do not suggest creating artificial context just to remember the words e.g. I saw a website teaching you to rememberĀ (home) by picturing a jeep parked outside your house. First I find remembering the artificial context even more difficult than remembering the word itself. Second it depends on romanisation of the Korean word which is a very bad habit.
I hope you will find these tips in learning and remembering Korean vocabulary useful. If you have any other suggestions please feel free to leave a comment below. Subscribe to get more helpful Korean learning tips and advice!
For a QA system it's very important to have a notion of vocabulary used in questions and for building correct answers. Especially, when a word represents a concept, one can use related lexical instances to understand it and further extend the knowledge by using the associated information. In this work, we suggest a process of building a knowledge base for such concepts as people, organizations, and places, and linking their instances to Wikipedia articles. We also develop a workbench for KB building. This workbench should efficiently support all features needed to collect necessary data and build the knowledge base. We have created 150,941 links to Korean Wikipedia for 2,394 instances of Korean vocabulary. This KB can be used in QA systems to extend questions, while the workbench can be used to build the KB itself. 152ee80cbc
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