Jesus' Death

Groundwork

1. Jesus' Journey To Jerusalem And The Cross In the Gospel Of Luke

Why did people want to kill Him?

The Garden of Gethsemane

Groundwork

1. Good Friday: The Crucifixion of Jesus

2. Lent - Easter (2-part series)

3. Jesus' Last Day (4-part series))

4. Reactions And People Of The Passion (7-part series)

5. Words From The Cross

The nature of crucifixion (Warning: gruesome)

• Evidence of Crucifixion - Foot Found With Embedded Nail - Laura Gilb (Patterns of Evidence)

Groundwork

1. The Meaning Of The Cross (3-part series)

2. The Cross of Jesus - (Groundwork) - 7 episodes

Why I Changed My Mind About Penal Substitution - article, Daniel Hames

Jesus explicitly said that He would be in the grave three days and three nights just as Jonah was in the belly of the whale for three days and three nights (). But how does that work? We traditionally understand Jesus to have died on the Friday morning and to have risen on the Sunday morning (the first day of the week). That would seem to suggest He was in the tomb for two days and two nights. Or does it?

I plan to study this more but here is an initial AI (Perplexity) response. Don't trust it. Its sources are not all reliable. Use it as a jumping off point for your own investigation.

I have gathered extensive research on this important biblical and theological question. Let me compile a comprehensive analysis of the different views and explanations for reconciling Jesus' "three days and three nights" statement with the Friday crucifixion/Sunday resurrection timeline.

Reconciling "Three Days and Three Nights": Views and Solutions to the Chronological Question

The apparent tension between Jesus' prophecy that He would be "three days and three nights in the heart of the earth" (Matthew 12:40) and the traditional understanding of a Friday crucifixion and Sunday resurrection has generated considerable discussion throughout Christian history. This question touches on biblical interpretation, ancient Jewish time-reckoning, and the historical evidence for the passion timeline. Multiple perspectives have emerged, each with substantive biblical and historical support.

The Central Tension

The difficulty arises from comparing several scriptural statements. Jesus explicitly declared, "For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth" (Matthew 12:40). Yet the Gospels consistently indicate that Jesus was crucified on Friday—described as "the day of Preparation" before the Sabbath (Mark 15:42; Luke 23:54; John 19:31, 42)—and rose on Sunday morning, "the first day of the week" (Matthew 28:1; Mark 16:2; Luke 24:1; John 20:1). A literal reading suggests only two nights (Friday and Saturday) and portions of three days, appearing to fall short of the "three days and three nights" specification. answersingenesis+5​

View 1: Jewish Inclusive Reckoning (The Majority Position)

The most widely accepted solution among biblical scholars and the historic Christian church holds that "three days and three nights" represents an idiomatic Jewish expression employing inclusive reckoning, where any part of a day counted as a whole day. bibletolife+2​

Biblical Evidence for Inclusive Reckoning

Multiple Old Testament passages demonstrate this counting method. In Esther 4:16, the queen commands a fast for "three days, night or day," yet Esther 5:1 states she approached the king "on the third day"—not after three full days had elapsed. Similarly, when Rehoboam told the people to return "after three days" (2 Chronicles 10:5), they understood this as "on the third day" (verse 12), demonstrating the interchangeability of these expressions. reddit+3​

The pattern appears in 1 Samuel 30:12-13, where an Egyptian had not eaten "three days and three nights," yet this is explained as eating nothing for "three days"—the terms are used synonymously. In Exodus 19:10-11, God instructs Moses to consecrate the people "today and tomorrow" and be ready for "the third day," showing that "the third day" meant the day after tomorrow. biblearchaeology+2​

Rabbinic Testimony

Jewish rabbinic literature explicitly codifies this principle. The Mishnah records Rabbi Eliezer ben Azariah (circa AD 100, a contemporary of the Apostle John) teaching: "A day and a night are an Onah ['a portion of time'], and the portion of an Onah is as the whole of it" (Shabbat 9:3). This demonstrates that first-century Jewish culture understood any part of a day-night period as constituting the entire period for reckoning purposes. bibletolife+2​

The Talmud further clarifies that sometimes four onoth (half-day periods) could be counted as three days, and that "the least part of the onah concluded the whole". New Testament scholar John Lightfoot observed that according to Jewish tradition, half a day could be counted as a whole day, meaning Christ could "truly be said to have been in his grave three onoth, or three natural days" even when "the greatest part of the first day was wanting, and the night altogether, and the greatest part by far of the third day also". biblearchaeology​

Application to the Crucifixion Timeline

Under inclusive reckoning, the timeline unfolds as follows: Friday (partial day) = Day 1, Saturday (full day) = Day 2, Sunday morning (partial day) = Day 3. Each of these days included or was associated with a night period in the Jewish calculation: Thursday night transitioning to Friday, Friday night transitioning to Saturday, and Saturday night transitioning to Sunday. bartehrman+3​

R.T. France, in the Tyndale Commentary on Matthew, argues that "three days and three nights was a Jewish idiom appropriate to a period covering only two nights". The phrase could be understood as "spanning three calendar days" rather than requiring 72 literal hours. reddit+1​

Gospel Equivalence

Significantly, the Gospel writers themselves treat "three days and three nights," "after three days," and "on the third day" as equivalent expressions. Matthew 27:63-64 provides compelling internal evidence: the chief priests remind Pilate that Jesus said "After three days I will rise again," yet they request the tomb be secured "until the third day"—not until the fourth day. This demonstrates that Jesus' contemporaries, including His opponents, understood "after three days" and "the third day" as synonymous. apologeticspress+5​

The synoptic parallels confirm this equivalence. Mark 8:31 states Jesus would rise "after three days," while the parallel passages in Matthew 16:21 and Luke 9:22 say "on the third day". Similar parallels appear in Mark 9:31//Matthew 17:23 and Mark 10:34//Matthew 20:19//Luke 18:33. The Gospel writers evidently considered these formulations interchangeable. beautiesofthetruth+3​

Theological and Historical Support

The apostolic proclamation consistently emphasizes the "third day" resurrection. Paul, delivering what he "received" as core apostolic tradition, declares that Christ "was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures" (1 Corinthians 15:4). Peter preaches that "God raised Him up on the third day" (Acts 10:40). Luke 24:46 records the risen Jesus explaining, "Thus it is written, that the Christ should suffer and rise from the dead on the third day". biblegateway+5​

The early church fathers universally affirmed a Friday crucifixion and Sunday resurrection. The Didascalia Apostolorum (circa AD 200) mentions the Last Supper on Tuesday evening (beginning Wednesday by Jewish reckoning) and indicates Jesus was arrested "the third day of the week at even," though it confusingly also mentions Friday for the crucifixion. Epiphanius (AD 367-403) wrote that "Wednesday and Friday are days of fasting... as Wednesday began the Lord was arrested and on Friday he was crucified". The prevailing patristic view supported the Friday-Sunday timeline. ucg+2​

Old Testament Typology

Proponents of this view also point to Old Testament "third day" typology. Genesis 22:4 records that "on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes" and saw the place where he would offer Isaac—a foreshadowing of resurrection, as Hebrews 11:19 indicates Abraham believed God could raise Isaac from the dead. Exodus 19:11 specifies that "on the third day the LORD will come down on Mount Sinai," marking the greatest divine manifestation to that point. Hosea 6:2 prophesies, "After two days He will revive us; on the third day He will raise us up"—a passage many traditional interpreters understood as messianic. thegospelcoalition+3​

View 2: Wednesday Crucifixion Theory

A significant minority position argues for a Wednesday crucifixion, allowing for a literal 72-hour period in the tomb.cgi+3​

Core Arguments

Advocates emphasize that Jesus explicitly stated "three days and three nights" (Matthew 12:40), arguing this requires three full 24-hour periods. They contend that dismissing this as mere idiom undermines the specificity of Jesus' only self-given sign of His messiahship. probe+2​

The Wednesday theory proposes this timeline: Jesus crucified late Wednesday afternoon, buried before sundown Wednesday, three full nights (Wednesday, Thursday, Friday) and three full days (Thursday, Friday, Saturday) in the tomb, with resurrection late Saturday afternoon. cgi+1​

The "High Day" Sabbath

Central to this view is the interpretation of John 19:31, which states the day after crucifixion "was a high day" Sabbath. Proponents argue this was not the regular weekly Sabbath (Saturday) but rather the first day of Unleavened Bread (Nisan 15), which was also a Sabbath regardless of the day of the week it fell on (Leviticus 23:7). gotquestions+3​

This interpretation suggests two Sabbaths that week: a "high day" annual Sabbath on Thursday (the first day of Unleavened Bread) and the regular weekly Sabbath on Saturday. Between these Sabbaths, on Friday, the women could purchase and prepare spices for Jesus' body, reconciling Mark 16:1 (buying spices after the Sabbath) with Luke 23:56 (preparing spices before the Sabbath).gotquestions+3​

Daniel 9:27 Connection

Some Wednesday advocates cite Daniel 9:27—"in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease"—as prophetic indication that Messiah would die mid-week. However, critics note this interprets the "week" literally rather than as the commonly accepted "week of years" (the final seven years of Daniel's seventy weeks prophecy).characterofgod​

Challenges to the Wednesday View

Several significant difficulties confront this theory. Luke 24:21 presents a major obstacle: on resurrection Sunday, the disciples traveling to Emmaus state "it is now the third day since these things happened". If Jesus died Wednesday, Sunday would be the fourth day, not the third.biblicalfoundations+3​

Additionally, all four Gospels indicate Jesus was crucified on "the day of Preparation" (Matthew 27:62; Mark 15:42; Luke 23:54; John 19:14, 31, 42), a term consistently used for Friday, the day before the weekly Sabbath. Mark 15:42 explicitly defines it: "the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath".bibleref+3​

The phrase "the day of Preparation of the Passover" in John 19:14 more likely means "the day of Preparation [Friday] during Passover week" rather than preparation for Passover itself. The use of "preparation day" (paraskeue) in Jewish and early Christian literature uniformly denotes Friday.gotquestions+1​

Furthermore, the Wednesday view requires that Jewish leaders violated the Sabbath rest on Thursday (the high day) by purchasing materials, preparing spices, and conducting Jesus' burial—activities that would constitute "servile work" forbidden on festival Sabbaths. While some emergency work was permitted, the extensive burial preparations seem beyond this exception.reformedbooksonline+1​

View 3: Thursday Crucifixion Theory

A third position proposes a Thursday crucifixion, arguing this best harmonizes the various biblical statements.seminary.bju+2​

The Thursday Timeline

This view suggests: Last Supper Thursday evening (beginning Friday by Jewish reckoning), crucifixion Friday morning, burial Friday afternoon, three days and nights (Friday day/night, Saturday day/night, Sunday day/resurrection). Proponents argue this accounts for three nights while maintaining Sunday as "the third day."gotquestions+1​

Thursday advocates point to the high Sabbath of John 19:31 as falling on Friday (Nisan 15, the first day of Unleavened Bread), followed by the regular Sabbath on Saturday. This creates two consecutive Sabbaths, explaining the urgency to complete burial preparations.seminary.bju+1​

Synoptic vs. Johannine Chronology

This theory often involves reconciling apparent differences between the Synoptic Gospels (which present the Last Supper as a Passover meal) and John's Gospel (which suggests Jesus died when Passover lambs were being slaughtered). Some Thursday proponents argue Jesus celebrated Passover according to one calendar while the Jewish authorities followed another.wikipedia+2​

Criticisms

Critics note this view faces similar challenges as the Wednesday theory regarding Luke 24:21 and the uniform Gospel testimony about "the day of Preparation". Additionally, it requires complex calendar calculations and assumes calendar disputes between Jesus and Jewish authorities for which direct evidence is limited.gci+3​

View 4: The "In the Heart of the Earth" Interpretation

A less common but intriguing perspective argues that "three days and three nights in the heart of the earth" does not refer exclusively to Jesus' time in the tomb but to a broader period of suffering and humiliation.advance.sagepub+2​

This view notes that Jesus was arrested Thursday night, endured trials and suffering through Friday, and was in the tomb Friday night, Saturday, and Saturday night—potentially encompassing three periods of darkness and three periods of light in various states of suffering and confinement. The "heart of the earth" could metaphorically represent the realm of death and suffering Jesus entered at His arrest, not merely His burial.advance.sagepub+3​

Proponents point out that Sheol (the realm of the dead) is often described as being in the earth's depths, and Jesus' descent into suffering and death began before His actual burial. However, this interpretation requires significant metaphorical reading of what appears to be a straightforward temporal statement.advance.sagepub+1​

Theological Implications and Practical Conclusions

The Sign's Significance

Regardless of the specific chronological solution, the "sign of Jonah" carries profound theological meaning. Just as Jonah's deliverance from the fish authenticated his prophetic message to Nineveh, Jesus' resurrection from the dead validates His identity as Messiah and Son of God. The resurrection became the central proof of Christianity's claims (Acts 2:24-32; Romans 1:4; 1 Corinthians 15:14-19).biblehub+4​

Jesus' explicit comparison to Jonah (Matthew 12:39-41) establishes a typological relationship: Jonah's experience prefigured Christ's death, burial, and resurrection. Both entered the realm of death; both were delivered on the third day; both brought a message of repentance. Yet Jesus is "greater than Jonah" (Matthew 12:41), for Jonah reluctantly preached judgment while Jesus willingly died to provide salvation.rayfowler+4​

The "Third Day" in Scripture

The consistent apostolic emphasis on "the third day" (not "the fourth day") throughout the New Testament argues strongly for the traditional Friday-Sunday timeline with inclusive reckoning. Paul's citation of early creedal material—"He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures" (1 Corinthians 15:4)—reflects the earliest Christian proclamation. This formulation appears repeatedly in apostolic preaching (Acts 10:40) and Jesus' own predictions (Matthew 16:21; 17:23; 20:19; Luke 9:22; 18:33; 24:7, 46).desiringgod+4​

The phrase "according to the Scriptures" suggests Old Testament foreshadowing of the third-day resurrection, likely referencing passages like Hosea 6:2, the Jonah narrative, and the various "third day" theophanies and deliverances in Israel's history.tyndalebulletin+3​

Historical Reliability

The chronological details in the passion narratives demonstrate the Gospel writers' concern for historical accuracy. All four Gospels specify "the day of Preparation," providing a clear chronological anchor. The mention of specific times (Jesus dying at "the ninth hour" in Mark 15:34; women coming to the tomb "very early" on "the first day of the week" in Mark 16:2) reflects eyewitness testimony.gotquestions+3​

The fact that apparent tensions exist (such as the "three days and three nights" statement alongside "on the third day" statements) actually argues for authenticity. Ancient fabricators would have harmonized such details; their preservation suggests the Gospel writers faithfully reported what was said and what occurred, trusting readers to understand the cultural context.biblearchaeology+1​

Pastoral Application

For contemporary believers, this discussion offers several lessons. First, understanding ancient Jewish time-reckoning helps us read Scripture within its original cultural context rather than imposing modern Western assumptions. Second, the harmony between seemingly different expressions demonstrates Scripture's internal consistency when properly interpreted.dwightgingrich+5​

Third, the resurrection's centrality to Christian faith transcends chronological debates. Whether one holds to inclusive reckoning or a mid-week crucifixion, the essential truth remains: Christ died for our sins, was buried, and rose victoriously on the third day, just as Scripture foretold. The sign of Jonah was fulfilled; the tomb is empty; Jesus is alive.bibleref+2​

Summary of Major Positions

Friday Crucifixion with Inclusive Reckoning remains the dominant scholarly and ecclesiastical position, supported by: (1) consistent Gospel testimony about "the day of Preparation" meaning Friday; (2) extensive biblical and rabbinic evidence for inclusive day-reckoning; (3) Gospel equivalence of "after three days," "three days and three nights," and "on the third day"; (4) Luke 24:21 confirming Sunday as "the third day"; (5) uniform early church tradition; and (6) the apostolic proclamation of resurrection "on the third day according to the Scriptures".etsjets+16​

Wednesday Crucifixion attracts those who prioritize: (1) literal interpretation of "three days and three nights" as 72 hours; (2) the "high day" Sabbath as distinct from the weekly Sabbath; and (3) Daniel 9:27's "midst of the week". However, it struggles with Luke 24:21 and the uniform "day of Preparation" testimony.studylight+7​

Thursday Crucifixion attempts middle ground but faces similar challenges regarding "the third day" and "day of Preparation" terminology.biblicalfoundations+2​

Metaphorical "Heart of the Earth" offers creative interpretation but lacks widespread support and strays from the apparent plain meaning.advance.sagepub+1​

Conclusion

The weight of biblical, historical, and linguistic evidence supports understanding "three days and three nights" as an idiomatic expression compatible with the traditional Friday crucifixion and Sunday resurrection. Jewish inclusive time-reckoning, demonstrated throughout Scripture and rabbinic literature, resolves the apparent chronological tension. The Gospel writers' interchangeable use of various temporal expressions, the disciples' own testimony that Sunday was "the third day," and the consistent apostolic proclamation of a third-day resurrection all converge to support this interpretation.

Ultimately, the precision of the sign of Jonah lies not in satisfying modern literalistic expectations but in its fulfilment of prophetic typology: Jesus entered death's domain, remained there according to God's appointed time, and emerged victorious, validating His claims and securing salvation for all who believe. As Paul declared, "He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures"—the timing was neither accidental nor contradictory, but divinely ordained and scripturally foreshadowed.tyndalebulletin+1​

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108. https://zenodo.org/record/2496545/files/article.pdf

109. https://zenodo.org/record/2053383/files/article.pdf

110. https://zenodo.org/record/1506075/files/article.pdf

111. https://zenodo.org/record/2480843/files/article.pdf

112. https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/download/6771/18815

113. https://www.reddit.com/r/DebateReligion/comments/1k3tc7l/the_resurrection_accounts_in_the_gospels/

114. https://www.biblestudytools.com/john/19-31.html

115. https://biblehub.com/commentaries/john/19-31.htm

116. https://www.psephizo.com/biblical-studies/are-the-accounts-of-the-resurrection-contradictory/

117. https://www.facebook.com/groups/bible7verses/posts/7725788250836148/

118. https://www.franknelte.net/article.php?article_id=150

119. https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/christianity/how-do-the-resurrection-accounts-differ-in-the-gospel.aspx

120. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/144/Supplement%201/3123/532561/BP43131-a-Phase-1-Dose-Escalation-Study-CD19

121. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/144/Supplement%201/4285/534022/Optimal-Timing-for-Response-Assessment-in-Acute

122. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/134/Supplement_1/348/426075/A-Phase-III-Study-of-Lenalidomide-Plus

123. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/aa094ef18332bf18683d838d88ce0dce23d1e39d

124. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/903f97457f8f9ae6b4993504d5d18093832a5071

125. https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/128/22/474/101380/Lenalidomide-Maintenance-Significantly-Improves

126. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6476fcdb3143939210ae8837146594be61622a69

127. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6b9e19f8a59eeb128b42f2cce5a08509cd1b2a2e

128. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fab54479060c3f20f303fa08c285e9790b68efb6

129. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d9e6d16e20d181a13e367cc9a62d44d5bcba82e0

130. https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/chr-029-03-10

131. https://zenodo.org/record/2277049/files/article.pdf

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133. https://zenodo.org/record/2362087/files/article.pdf

134. https://ebible.com/questions/24981-what-is-the-significance-of-jesus-being-raised-on-the-third-day-1-corinthians-15-4

135. https://www.thedivinemercy.org/articles/part-4-cross-scripture-early-fathers-and-magisterium

136. https://simonpetersutherland.com/2024/03/30/was-jesus-crucified-on-good-friday/

137. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/blog/how-to-count-three-days

138. https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/1%20Corinthians%2015:4

139. https://www.catholic.com/audio/caf/the-accurate-date-of-the-crucifixion

140. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003932079602600107

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146. https://zenodo.org/record/1869919/files/article.pdf

147. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus

148. https://orthodoxchristiantheology.com/2016/08/25/more-proof-irenaeus-thought-jesus-lived-to-50-years-old/

149. https://biblehub.com/commentaries/hosea/6-2.htm

150. https://rsc.byu.edu/new-testament-history-culture-society/crucifixion

151. https://prophecyforum.com/bible-prophecy/the-two-days-of-hosea-62/

152. https://www.1517.org/articles/standing-at-the-foot-of-the-cross-with-church-fathers

153. https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/hosea-6-2.html

• Easter Quiz 1 - Peter Cheyne