• GPS device gets signal from the first satellite

• uses radio signals

• GPS device calculates how far it is this first satellite (based on how long it tookfor the signal to travel)

• GPS device does the same for 2-3 (or more) other satellites (minimum totalnumber is 3 satellites. At least 4 satellites are required for accurate location.)

• GPS device calculates the distance from the 3 or more satellites (calledtriangulation)

• GPS device uses this calculation to determine the latitude, longitude and altitude ofits current position

• GPS device takes this location information and displays it on map files stored inits memory.

Award [1] for identifying each step taken by a GPS device to determine its location up to a maximum of [4].

• a telephone connection over the internet

• audio data is sent digitally over the internet

• a system for converting analogue signals to digital so that telephone calls

• can be made over the internet.

Award [1 mark] for each characteristic identified up to a maximum of [2 marks].

• user level

• server level

• firewall

• ISP level.

Award [1 mark] for each stage stated up to a maximum of [2 marks].

Advantages for the government:

• economic – countries will lose money if business is taken away from national telecom companies

• increased government control over calls and records that happen within their country through national telecom companies

• security – data can be more easily intercepted

• reduce the demands caused by Skype on Internet service (ie bandwidth).

Disadvantages for the government:

• restriction of users’ communication promotes illegal providers of Skype to emerge.

Advantages for the user:

• better national telecom services may emerge because all citizens must use these services.

Disadvantages for the user:

• users could have no alternative to paying excessive fees charged by national telecom companies

• anyone attempting to by-pass the law will face consequences such as imprisonment or fines

• users may need to travel to neighbouring countries that do not have such restrictions to use Skype

• encryption of telephone communication is no longer possible (whereas Skype is encrypted so governments do not have easy access to the data).

[1–2 marks]

A limited response that demonstrates minimal knowledge and understanding of the topic and uses little or no appropriate ITGS terminology.

[3–4 marks]

A partial analysis, either lacking detail or balance, that demonstrates some knowledge and understanding of the topic. Some relevant examples are used within the response. There is some use of appropriate ITGS terminology in the response.

[5–6 marks]

• A balanced and detailed analysis of the issue which demonstrates thorough knowledge and understanding of the topic. Relevant examples are used throughout the response. There is appropriate ITGS terminology throughout the response.

• low cost – can make long distance calls for free, anywhere in the world via VOIP

• portable and convenient – can make calls anywhere there is an internet connection by signing into your VOIP account

• added features – caller ID, call forwarding, call waiting, voicemail at no charge unlike conventional phone systems

• sharing resources – can send picture and documents while you are talking on the phone since it uses data lines

• virtual phone number – you can choose a phone number with an area code different from where you reside

• group conversations – on a traditional phone line, only two persons can speak at a time. With VOIP, you can setup a conference with a whole team

• communicating in real time

• power – internet based phones need power, so they will not work during a power outage unlike conventional phones

• emergency calls – emergency services cannot trace the location of a call (dangerous if you can’t talk in an emergency) if it is on a data line such as VOIP

• sound quality – voice data sent across the internet can experience dropped data packets which would cause short periods of silence

• video quality – delay in the video resulting from technical limitations (ie low bandwidth either by the sender or receiver, incorrect settings)

• reliability – the distance and speed of the connection affects the reliability of the sound arriving

• bandwidth – too much traffic on a network can cause a drop in audio data when using VOIP

• security – VOIP may not be as secure as a regular telephone service; phone calls may be intercepted as they are transmitted over the internet.

In part (c) of this question it is expected there will be a balance in the ITGS terminology between IT technical terminology and the terminology related to social and ethical impacts.