First Mile and Last Mile

Most people are comfortable walking about 500m to or from their transit stations. When they have to travel further these other FMLM (First Mile Last Mile) modes are useful to link to transit.

The distance sweetspots for different FMLM (First Mile Last Mile) transit modes are as follows ...

Walking == less 500m ...assume 5 minutes walk at 4km/hr gvies 330m distance (can use 500m if you assume paxs walking faster or longer period)
Cycling == less 4km ... assume 15 minutes no sweat cycle at 15km/hr gives 3.7km
Feeder Bus == less 4km ... assume acceptable 30 minutes total journey (15 mins wait + 15 mins travel time) at average 30km/hr bus speed, allows bus to travel about 8 km in 15 minutes, but because of feeder bus typical circular loop that 8 km only gives about 4km crow distance to/from the LRT/MRT station.
Ride Sharing/Grab/Uber drop off == less 10km ... assume acceptable 30 minutes total journey (10 mins wait + 20 mins travel time) at average 40km/hr car speed in 20 mins, gives 13km distance
Family Car drop off == less 20km ... assume acceptable 30 minutes total journey (zero wait, if your partner drops you) at average 40km/hr car speed gives 20km distance.
Park & Ride == less 20km ... similar to drop off but only at limited terminal stations and additional P&R charges.

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