This piece is based on our video: "Is Meat Really that Bad?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-climate-meat/ 

This piece is based on our video: "...And We'll Do it Again"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-behindthelies 

This piece is based on our video: "Why We Should NOT Look For Aliens - The Dark Forest"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-darkforest/ 

This piece is based on our video: "What Happens if the Moon Crashes into Earth?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-moon-crash/ 

This piece is based on our video: "We WILL Fix Climate Change!"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-can-we-fix-climate/ 

This piece is based on our video: "Are There Lost Alien Civilizations in Our Past?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-earthaliens/ 

This piece is based on our video: "The Most Horrible Parasite: Brain Eating Amoeba"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-brain-eater/ 

This piece is based on our video: "Change Your Life – One Tiny Step at a Time"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-change/ 

This piece is based on our video: "You Are Not Where You Think You Are"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-jiggle-of-existence 

• Body composition: https://legacy.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Ch03_1.html 

• Cell production: https://www.sciencealert.com/your-body-makes-4-million-cells-a-second-and-most-of-them-are-blood and they got it from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348395947_The_distribution_of_cellular_turnover_in_the_human_body 

• Cell renewal: https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/does-body-really-replace-seven-years.htm 

This piece is based on our video: "The Last Human – A Glimpse Into the Far Future"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-last-human/ 

Additional Source: 

• Why the Sun Won't Become a Black Hole: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/why-sun-wont-become-black-hole/ 

• Beyer, W. A. ; Zardecki, A. (2004): The Early History of the Ham Sandwich Theorem. https://zenodo.org/record/1235195#.Y8Fv1uzMJeg 

• Smith, W. D.; Wormald, N. C. (2020): Geometric separator theorems and applications. https://users.monash.edu.au/~nwormald/papers/geomsep.pdf 

• Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/wiki/ham-sandwich-theorem/ 

• Su, Francis E., et al.: "Ham Sandwich Theorem." Math Fun Facts. https://www.math.hmc.edu/funfacts

This post is based on our video: "The Most Complex Language in the World"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-impossible-machines/ 

• Your body is made up of about 30 trillion cells:

Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol 14(8): e1002533.

only 10% of them are nucleated:

https://thednaexchange.com/tag/total-number-of-cells-in-the-human-body/#:~:text=Our%20bodies%20contain%20~3%C3%97,of%20~3%C3%971012. 

• Length of DNA: 2m

https://nigms.nih.gov/education/Inside-Life-Science/Pages/Genetics-by-the-Numbers.aspx#:~:text=6&text=That's%20how%20many%20feet%20long,round%20trips%20to%20the%20Moon.

Full calculation:

How long is your DNA?

There are 30 trillion cells in your body. But only 10% of these (3 trillion cells) actually carry DNA. If you took the DNA from a single one of these cells and rolled it out, it would be 2 m long. So what would happen if you did this for all the DNA-carrying cells in your body?

That's 3 trillion cells x 2 meters

= 6 trillion meters.

So your DNA is around 6 trillion meters long.

How long is that in terms of the distance from the Earth to the Sun?

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about 149,597,870,700 meters (roughly 150 million kilometres). This distance is also known as 1 AU (astronomical unit).

To convert meters to AU, we divide the 6 trillion meters (the length of our DNA) by the value of 1AU:

6 trillion m ÷ 149,597,870,700 m = 40.1075 AU

So that would be make the length of your DNA equal to about 40x the distance from Earth to the Sun OR about 20x the distance from Earth, to the Sun, and back again.

How many light-hours long is our DNA?

A light beam takes around 8 light-minutes to reach us here on Earth from the Sun (8.3 light minutes). We can say, then, that a single AU is equal to 8.3 light minutes.

But we said that our DNA was about 40.1075 AU in length. So:

40.1075 AU x 8.3 min = 332.89 light minutes.

There are 60 minutes in an hour so if we divide 332.89 by 60 we get 5.55 light hours.

So your DNA is about 5 light hours long.

This post is based on our video: "Is Civilisation on the Brink of Collapse?"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-civilization-collapse/ 

This post is based on our video: "The Deadlies Virus on Earth"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-rabies/ 

This post is based on our video: "Why You Are Lonely and How to Make Friends"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-friendship/ 

This post is based on our video: "What Happens if a Supervolcano Blows Up?"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-supervolcanoes/ 

This post is based on our video: "Let's Travel to the Most Extreme Place in the Universe"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-smallest-thing/ 

This post is based on our video: "Why Don't We Shoot Nuclear Waste Into Space?"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-nuclearwaste/ 

This post is based on our video: "The Horror of the Slaver Ant!"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-slaver-ants/ 

This post is based on our video: "The Most Extreme Explosion in the Universe"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-supernovadeath 

This post is based on our video: "How to Terraform Mars – WITH LASERS"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-mars-terraforming 

This post is based on our video: "Black Hole Star –  The Star That Shouldn't Exist"

You can find the detailed sources here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-black-hole-star 

This post is based on our video: "The Most Complex Language in the World"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-impossible-machines/ 

Additional source: 

• What is Noncoding DNA? https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/noncodingdna/ 

• Kraan-Korteweg, R. and Lahav, O. (2000): The Universe behind the Milky Way. https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0005501.pdf 

• On astronomical extinction:

https://books.google.de/books?id=k21lk4sORpEC&pg=PA10&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 

• Ruiz-Lara, T. et. al.: The recurrent impact of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy on the star formation history of the Milky Way disc. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.12577.pdf 

This post is based on our video "What Actually Happens When You Are Sick?"

The detailed sources can be found here: https://sites.google.com/view/sources-whatdoesntkillyoumakes/ 

This post is based on our videos "Are There Lost Alien Civilizations in Our Past?" and "When Time Became History – The Human Era". 

The detailed sources can be found here: 

• https://sites.google.com/view/sources-earthaliens/

• https://sites.google.com/view/sourceswhentimebecamehistory 

• Krakatoa eruption as the loudest sound?

https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/loudest-recorded-sound-krakatoa-volcano/#:~:text=On%20the%20morning%20of%2027,at%20310%20decibels%20(dB). 

(this is actually a shockwave, but it was heard as a sound, once the pressure level died down to sub 194 dB.

• "When Time Became History – The Human Era" sources: https://sites.google.com/view/sourceswhentimebecamehistory 

• Hunter-Gatherer Culture: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hunter-gatherer-culture/ 

• Hunter-Gatherers: https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/hunter-gatherers 

• Attwill, D. & Laughlin, S. B. An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001

• Hasenstaub, A,. et. al. Metabolic cost as a unifying principle governing neuronal biophysics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901447/pdf/pnas.200914886.pdf 

• Phobos lost: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2004JE002376 

• Saturn rings gone: https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000lang/page/329/mode/2up 

• The past and future of the Sun: https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia/Gaia_reveals_the_past_and_future_of_the_Sun 

• Pangea Ultima: http://www.scotese.com/newpage11.htm (+Supercontinent video)

• Konrad, M. (2012): Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunsation in Ant Colonies. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300

• Jackson, D.: Chemical Coevolution: Host-Parasite Arms Race Runs Hot and Cold. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(08)00098-5.pdf

• Wolves and Toxoplasma gondii

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mind-control-parasite-makes-wolves-effective-pack-leaders/ 

The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one parasite that is estimated to infect a third of the global population. It is pretty harmless to most people, but a study found that it leads to behavioral changes in wolves, making them more bold and letting them take more risks. This leads to the wolves more often taking the role of pack leaders than uninfected wolves. In rats the parasite leads to less fear of cats, which lets them in turn contract the parasite through their vermin prey.

• Li, Q. et. al. (2022): Review of the Impact of Whale Fall on Biodiversity in Deep-Sea Ecosystems. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.885572/full 

• Life at the Bottom: The Prolific Afterlife of Whales: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-prolific-afterlife-of-whales/ 

• What is a whale fall? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/whale-fall.html 

• Smith, C. et. al. (2015): Whale-fall ecosystems: recent insights into ecology, paleoecology, and evolution. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Whale-fall-ecosystems%3A-recent-insights-into-and-Smith-Glover/4171654c16ea5a77e8cddb75f0ce9fb9d76e7315 

• The Stages of Whale Decomposition: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxSUsn8H2zs 

• Voyager result:

https://www.sciencealert.com/this-weird-shape-could-be-what-our-sun-s-magnetic-bubble-looks-like 

• • Primary: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339961168_A_small_and_round_heliosphere_suggested_by_magnetohydrodynamic_modelling_of_pick-up_ions 

• Simulation result:

https://www.sciencealert.com/astronomers-have-discovered-why-the-solar-system-might-be-shaped-like-a-croissant 

• • Primary: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2e 

• Heliosphere: 

  • https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/20 

  •  https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/Heliosphere.html 

• Thewissen, J.G.M. et. al. (2009): From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2 

• The last common ancestor: https://www.onezoom.org/life/@CARNIVORA=44565?img=best_any&anim=flight#x941,y2007,w2.4479 

• Seals and polar bears are both part of the suborder Caniformia: https://www.catalogueoflife.org/?taxonKey=HQQ 

• Tell me, mate, what were emus like? https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295-11.6.336

• Johnson, M. (2009): 'Feathered Foes': Soldier Settlers and Western Australia's 'Emu War' of 1932.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14443050609388083

• Tamara M. Davis and Charles H. Lineweaver (2013): “Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/publications-of-the-astronomical-society-of-australia/article/expanding-confusion-common-misconceptions-of-cosmological-horizons-and-the-superluminal-expansion-of-the-universe/EFEEEFD8D71E59F86DDA82FDF576EFD3 

Quote: “Currently observable light that has been travelling towards us since the beginning of the universe was emitted from comoving positions that are now 46 Glyr from us”

• NASA (2017): “Age & Size of the Universe Through the Years”

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/programs/cosmictimes/educators/guide/age_size.html 

Quote: “The most distant objects in the Universe are 47 billion light years away, making the size of the observable Universe 94 billion light years across. How can the observable universe be larger than the time it takes light to travel over the age of the Universe? This is because the universe has been expanding during this time. This causes very distant objects to be further away from us than their light travel time.”

• Coldest, universe

  • 3K (CMB) 

Nice read: Ask Ethan: How cold does it get in space? 

Very accurate estimate here

• • 1K : Boomerang Nebula

• Coldest, lab

  • 2K: Supercooled, superconducting magnets at LHC

  • 38 pK: New record set for lowest temperature—38 picokelvins

• Hottest, lab

  • 100 million K: US achieves laser-fusion record: what it means for nuclear-weapons 

  • US achieves laser-fusion record: what it means for nuclear-weapons research: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02338-4 

  • 5 trillion K: Hot stuff: CERN physicists create record-breaking subatomic soup

  • Brookhaven’s RHIC Sets Record: https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23233 

• Hottest, universe

  • 100 billion K:

    • Hot and very hot gas around black holes (th. model)

    • Supernova (core during explosion)

  • 10 trillion K:

RadioAstron Observations of the Quasar 3C273: A Challenge to the Brightness Temperature Limit

Caution! All this is BRIGHTNESS temperature, not real temp. 

• Missiondetails:

• • https://www.nasa.gov/experience-artemis-1

  • https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i/#two

  • https://www.heise.de/news/Artemis-1-NASA-plant-Website-zur-Nachverfolgung-der-Mondmission-in-Echtzeit-7236962.html?hg=1&hgi=4&hgf=false

• Mission Timeline: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/

• Honeypot ants: Species Myrmecocystus mexicanus: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/kujala_elis/adaptation.htm

• Mission overview: https://dart.jhuapl.edu/Mission/index.php 

• Impact velocity 6.1 km/s: https://dart.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Impactor-Spacecraft.php 

• The Tooth Fairy goes scientific: https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/tooth-fairy-goes-scientific 

• Reiss, L. (1961): Strontium-90 Absorbtion by Deciduous Teeth: Analysis of teeth provides a practical method of monitoring strontium-90 uptake by human populations. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.134.3491.1669 

• Partial test ban treaty saved estimated 12-24 million lives (that would otherwiese be lost prematurely); p.21: https://cms.qz.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/6043f-meyers-fallout-mortality-website.pdf

• Around 320.000 teeth were collected, but 100.000 were never used: https://sph.unc.edu/sph-news/cold-war-cache-of-100000-baby-teeth-provides-unique-opportunity-to-understand-long-term-radiation-effects/

• Other Toothfairy projects: https://www.environment.co.za/poisoning-carcinogens-heavy-metals-mining/tooth-fairy-project-may-reveal-effect-of-uranium.html

• Tooth Fairy “Facts”: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/84393/13-toothy-facts-about-tooth-fairy