Lecture 1 & 2 (01.10.2026): Introduction, syllabus, logos, logic, and rational inquiry, origins of formal reasoning, history of science and data in ancient civilizations and Greece, sign-value and positional number systems, argument types, validty and soundness, deduction and induction, logic in Aristotle, the Oraganon, syllogism, Stoic logic, modus ponens and modus tollens