A kaleidoscope (/kladskop/) is an optical instrument with two or more reflecting surfaces (or mirrors) tilted to each other at an angle, so that one or more (parts of) objects on one end of these mirrors are shown as a regular symmetrical pattern when viewed from the other end, due to repeated reflection. These reflectors are usually enclosed in a tube, often containing on one end a cell with loose, colored pieces of glass or other transparent (and/or opaque) materials to be reflected into the viewed pattern. Rotation of the cell causes motion of the materials, resulting in an ever-changing view being presented.

In 1814, Sir David Brewster conducted experiments on light polarization by successive reflections between plates of glass and first noted "the circular arrangement of the images of a candle round a center, and the multiplication of the sectors formed by the extremities of the plates of glass". He forgot about it, but noticed a more impressive version of the effect during further experiments in February 1815. A while later, he was impressed by the multiplied reflection of a bit of cement that was pressed through at the end of a triangular glass trough, which appeared more regular and almost perfectly symmetrical in comparison to the reflected objects that had been situated further away from the reflecting plates in earlier experiments. This triggered more experiments to find the conditions for the most beautiful and symmetrically perfect conditions. An early version had pieces of colored glass and other irregular objects fixed permanently and was admired by some Members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, including Sir George Mackenzie who predicted its popularity. A version followed in which some of the objects and pieces of glass could move when the tube was rotated. The last step, regarded as most important by Brewster, was to place the reflecting panes in a draw tube with a concave lens to distinctly introduce surrounding objects into the reflected pattern.[7]

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Brewster thought his instrument to be of great value in "all the ornamental arts" as a device that creates an "infinity of patterns". Artists could accurately delineate the produced figures of the kaleidoscope by means of the solar microscope (a type of camera obscura device), magic lantern or camera lucida. Brewster believed it would at the same time become a popular instrument "for the purposes of rational amusement". He decided to apply for a patent.[7] British patent no. 4136 "for a new Optical Instrument called "The Kaleidoscope" for exhibiting and creating beautiful Forms and Patterns of great use in all the ornamental Arts" was granted in July 1817.[6][8] Unfortunately, the manufacturer originally engaged to produce the product had shown one of the patent instruments to some of the London opticians to see if he could get orders from them. Soon the instrument was copied and marketed before the manufacturer had prepared any number of kaleidoscopes for sale. An estimated two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months. Brewster figured at most a thousand of these were authorized copies that were constructed correctly, while the majority of the others did not give a correct impression of his invention. Because so relatively few people had experienced a proper kaleidoscope or knew how to apply it to ornamental arts, he decided to publicize a treatise on the principles and the correct construction of the kaleidoscope.[7]

It was thought that the patent was reduced in a Court of Law since its principles were supposedly already known. Brewster stated that the kaleidoscope was different because the particular positions of the object and of the eye, played a very important role in producing the beautiful symmetrical forms. Brewster's opinion was shared by several scientists, including James Watt.[9]

Philip Carpenter originally tried to produce his own imitation of the kaleidoscope, but was not satisfied with the results. He decided to offer his services to Brewster as manufacturer.[10] Brewster agreed and Carpenter's models were stamped "sole maker". Realizing that the company could not meet the level of demand, Brewster gained permission from Carpenter in 1818 for the device to be made by other manufacturers. In his 1819 Treatise on the Kaleidoscope Brewster listed more than a dozen manufacturers/sellers of patent kaleidoscopes.[7] Carpenter's company would keep on selling kaleidoscopes for 60 years.[11]

In 1987, kaleidoscope artist Thea Marshall, working with the Willamette Science and Technology Center, a science museum located in the Eugene, Oregon, designed and constructed a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) traveling mathematics and science exhibition "Kaleidoscopes: Reflections of Science and Art". With funding from the National Science Foundation,[12] and circulated under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES[13]), the exhibition appeared in 15 science museums over a three-year period, reaching more than one million visitors in the United States and Canada. Interactive exhibit modules enabled visitors to better understand and appreciate how kaleidoscopes function.

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This plugin is like other kaleidoscope plugins, but adds a lot more options and features. It's a real screen hog -- I'm not sure what I even could cut if I needed to, but hopefully it's condensed enough that you won't have issues using it.

One of the main things that sets this plugin apart from other kaleidoscope plugins is that pieces are reflected on a bunch of different axises. This means that there are a lot of different ways to adjust the piece you want to show. Pieces are also polygons rather than just triangles -- they can reflect back onto themselves. A lot of this isn't really obvious until you play around with the plugin or use the polygon preview feature.

This is a source zoom. Notice that there are some commonalities with the original default-settings kaleidoscope, but other parts are different, and the whole thing is also zoomed out. What you're essentially doing is keeping *some* of the original triangle, and you're also keeping the proportions and angle intact.

Dest Zooms should be straightforward. In this one I've also altered some other effects so you can compare it to the next set of preview images, which all have to do with Wrap Settings:

Parts of the image that aren't used are turned somewhat transparent so the parts that *are* used are highlighted better. Now when you adjust the various settings the triangle will move around and "bounce" off walls to form polygons. This feature thus allows you to get a better sense of what is being kaleidoscoped, though it's far from perfect.

If you're going to use this, I suggest keeping your Source Zoom and Dest Zoom low so you can actually see what you're doing -- when you scale a polygon up the number of used pixels goes down pretty drastically and those shapes are harder and harder to see. There may be missing pixels even outside of that, though these are at least mild.

Despite these issues, this feature should be a pretty helpful tool in its current form, and it will get better over time. In addition to its other uses, it's a good way to understand what different effects are actually doing.

"The photographer sees the world as a child sees the bits of glass in a kaleidoscope. If he has a camera with which he can secure these ever-changing combinations, he is then able to look on them again and again, and he has the further pleasure of pleasing others with the sight of things which he, with perhaps unusual opportunities, was able to see, which his friends would otherwise not ever be able to."

-Francis Meadow Sutcliffe

You see a Kaleidoscope is an optical instrument that seems to be so complex but its rather simple. So simple that it is mainly used as a toy for children. The light goes in it and its mirrors create symmetrical patterns full of color. I see beauty in all things as something bound to symmetry.

Thank you very much for the amazing photos! You captured not only the best moments but also the emotions and the vibe. Extremely professional and incredibly warm person! We hope to meet again on many occasions!

Each handmade kaleidoscope by Henry Bergeson is an expression of a lifetime of playing around with shape and form combined with artful engineering that has no peer. All of the kaleidoscopes are designed and built with the finest of materials and with the greatest of care to provide visual delight both inside and out. There is an absolute pleasure to use and will last a lifetime. 152ee80cbc

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