在這個項目中, 我們將探討人為和物理因素致加強的剝蝕過程在雞公嶺。
Photograph shows the slope of Kai Kung Leng after hill-fire. 圖為山火過後的雞公嶺斜坡。
Denudation is the name for the processes of erosion, leaching, stripping, and reducing the mainland due to removal of material from higher to lower areas like valleys, river valleys, lakes and seas with a permanent filling of low lands. (ScienceDirect, 2022)
剝蝕是侵蝕、浸出、剝離和減少大陸的過程的名稱,這是由於將物質從山谷、河谷、湖泊和海洋等高地向低地去除,並永久填充低地。
Both physical and human factors can intensifies the process of denudation for example, hill-fire, raining, weak geological structure and over-tramping.
山火、下雨、地質構造薄弱、過度踩踏等物理因素和人為因素都會加劇剝蝕過程。
But how does the forming of hill-fire, over-tramping leads a serious denudation occurs in Kai Kung Leng recently?
但最近雞公嶺怎麼會出現山火形成、過度踩踏導致嚴重剝蝕的情況呢?
Here, we trying to dive in factors causing intensive denudation in Kai Kung Leng and coming to a result that help to preserve the landscape in Kai Kung Leng.
在這裡,我們試圖深入探討導致雞公嶺嚴重剝蝕的因素,並得出個有助於保護雞公嶺景觀的結果。
This is an independence studies by Yu Kai Him Otto :) 這是余啟謙的獨立研究
This news article highlighted the over-tramping by motorbike leading the Kai Kung Leng (country park site) weathered and eroed into a barren land. But, how does the hill becomes a famous cycling site for people?
這篇新聞文章強調了導致雞公嶺(郊野公園)風化並侵蝕成貧瘠土地的電單車過度踩踏。 但是,這座山是如何成為人們著名的電單車勝地的呢?
Figure shows the Cycling buffer analysis in Kai Kung Leng (travel in 15 mins) 圖顯示在雞公嶺中的單車分析(15 分鐘路程)
By the GIS buffer analysis, we can figure out that Kai Kung Leng is highly accessible in any directions, motorbike can easily traffic thought the west and east site by the connected secondary roads.
通過GIS緩衝區分析,我們可以看出雞公嶺在任何方向都非常容易到達,電單車可以通過連接的道路輕鬆通行到東西方。
You can try the interactive map to (1) choose the traffic mode, (2) choose the travel time or distance dimension and (3) click the place your want to know (draw buffer).
您可以嘗試交互式地圖來(1)選擇交通模式,(2)選擇旅行時間或距離維度,(3)單擊您想知道的地方(繪製緩衝區)。
The motorbike travels across the hill may leads over-tramping, soil compaction and intensifies leaching to the soil profile of Kai Kung Leng.
電單車穿越山丘可能會導致過度踩踏、土壤板結,並加劇對雞公嶺土壤剖面的浸出。
Interactive map that response with different transportation mode 不同交通方式的互動地圖
More about Over-tramping in Kai Kung Leng 雞公嶺的過度踩踏
Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed closer together, resulting in a reduction in pore space. The pore space is crucial because it allows air and water to circulate among soil particles, allowing plant roots to develop and give water and nutrients to plants.
In Kai Kung Leng, the motorbikes applies pressure to the soil damages the soil structure. Since then the soil has been compacted, it density has been increase. Soil beneath can cause tree and shrub decline or death, even in established trees. Because the roots of trees and shrubs cannot line the soil as securely as they formerly did, then trees collapse and die. The soil compaction thus causes vegetation decrease and even accelerates the weathering and erosion process. Because of the degraded trees offer a seeping agent and room for denudation to occurs, it comes to a vicious cycle in the end.
當土壤顆粒被壓得更近時,就會發生土壤壓實,從而導致孔隙空間減少。 孔隙空間至關重要,因為它允許空氣和水在土壤顆粒之間循環,使植物根係發育並為植物提供水分和養分。
在雞公嶺,電單車對土壤施加壓力會破壞土壤結構。 從那時起,土壤被壓實,密度增加。 下面的土壤會導致樹木和灌木衰退或死亡,即使是在已建立的樹木中也是如此。 由於樹木和灌木的根不能像以前那樣牢固地排列在土壤中,因此樹木會倒塌並死亡。 土壤板結因此導致植被減少,甚至加速風化和侵蝕過程。 由於退化的樹木提供了滲出和發生剝蝕的空間,最終陷入了惡性循環。
Diagram illustrated the soil compaction, the load is motorbike in the case of Kai Kung Leng 圖表說明了土壤壓實,負載是電單車在雞公嶺的情況下
Figure shows the vegetation in normal (left) and compacted (right) soil profile 圖顯示了正常(左)和壓實(右)土壤剖面中的植被
Factors leading hill-fire in Kai Kung Leng 導致雞公嶺山火的因素
Hill tombs and the traditions burning Iron furnace (鐵化寶爐) leads hill-fire occurence frequently in Kai Kung Leng.
山邊殯葬區和傳統鐵化寶爐經常導致雞公嶺山火。
The New Territories Indigenous villagers "permitted burials area" policies includes many area that allows fire burning may increase the risk and frequency of hill-fire occurs in Kai Kung Leng. The Hong Kong government rarely check the "permitted burials" land, then leading the burials area has been enlarges illegally.
新界原居民「認可殯葬區」政策包括許多允許焚燒的區域,可能會增加雞公嶺山火發生的風險和頻率。香港政府很少檢查「認可殯葬區」,隨後導致墓地面積被非法擴大(香港01,2020)。
Impact of Hill-fire in Kai Kung Leng 雞公嶺山火的影響
Because the fire may deforest the original vegetations covers, hill-fire may enhance badlands formation on the hillslope. Lower tree roots support the soil, resulting in further soil erosion when top soil is washed away (by rainwater or wind). Soil erosion encroaches on the shapes of rills and gullies, and the enlargement of the rills causes the hillslope soil to become less productive.
由於山火可能會毀壞原始植被覆蓋,山火可能會增強山坡上的荒地形成。 較低的樹根支撐著土壤,當表層土壤被沖走(被雨水或風)沖走時,會導致進一步的土壤侵蝕。 水土流失侵蝕了溝壑的形態,溝壑的擴大導致山坡土壤的生產力降低。
Photographs shows Kai Kung Leng before (right) and after (left) hill-fire 圖為雞公嶺山火前(右)及後(左)
Process of badland formations
荒地形成過程:
It was influenced by rainsplash and sheetwash process. The erosion was starting at the spurs and extending downward to the vally floor. When the prolonged, intensive rainfall during summer. The infiltration is exceeded by the rate of rainfall in the slope profile, water began to accumulate. Sheetwash and subsurface elevation causes desiccation cracks to expand into horseshoes depresssion (which forms gully).
受到雨濺和洗滌過程的影響。 侵蝕從山咀開始,向下延伸到谷底。 夏季時長、強降雨。 斜坡剖面中的降雨速率超過了滲透,水開始積聚。 水洗和地下海拔導致乾燥裂縫擴大到馬蹄窪地(形成溝壑)。
This map shows the main route to travel thought Kai Kung Leng 這張地圖顯示了雞公嶺的主要路線
Satellite image shows the "landslide" slumping (on the east hillslope) in Kai Kung Leng 衛星影像顯示雞公嶺的山泥傾瀉(東山坡)
Suggstions to minimise the intensive deundation in Kai Kung Leng 減少導致雞公嶺嚴重剝蝕的建議
1) regulate hiking and cross-country biking trails 規範遠足和越野單車道
In the attached hiking and bike map, it shows the diverification of the hiking and cross-country biking trails in Kai Kung Leng. Multi-trails may enhance deundation process more rapidly, and most of the trails is developed along the spurs (which are the badlands, inhabitated the trees growing anymore). Diverse trials not only increase the size of denudation, but also rising the risk of the navigation, maintenance and even rescue work in Kai Kung Leng. To secure the landscape of Kai Kung Leng and preserved the original soil profile, government should regulate the offical hiking and cross-country biking routes in order to preserve other minor trails to be eroded.
在隨附的遠足和單車地圖中,它顯示了雞公嶺的遠足和越野單車道的多樣化。 多條小徑可導致更快地加強剝蝕過程,並且大部分小徑都是沿著山咀開發的(這是荒地,不再有樹木生長)。多條小徑不僅增加了剝蝕的規模,也增加了雞公嶺的航行、維護甚至救援工作的風險。為了保護雞公嶺的景觀和保留原始土壤剖面,政府應規範官方的遠足和越野單車路線,以保護其他小徑被侵蝕。
2) afforestation in the eroded minor trails 在被侵蝕的小徑上植樹
To heighten the effectiveness of regulating official hiking routes, afforestation can be ideal natural blockage for the people who doesn't follow the official hiking routes. It does not limited to become a blockage to guild people hike in major trails, but it can also rebuild the hillslope eco-system after hill-fire or over-tramping (soil compaction). Afforestation can protect the barren surface, the root of trees may help to grasp the surface soil layer and plant in the slope can blind the soil tightly, increasing the shear strength of the slope preventing landslide occurences as well.
為了提高規範官方徒步路線的有效性,植樹造林可以成為不遵循官方徒步路線的人的理想的自然障礙。 它不僅可以成為理想的自然障礙,還可以在山火或過度踩踏(土壤壓實)後重建山坡生態系統。植樹造林可以讓樹木有利於保護貧瘠的地表,樹木的根可以幫助抓住表層土層,在斜坡上種植植物可以緊緊地遮住土壤,增加斜坡的抗剪強度,防止山泥傾瀉事件的發生。
3) set up signal and barriers to block the motorbike 設置障礙來阻擋電單車
Motobike compacted soil profiles and intensifies the badlands formation, so the way to preserve the hillslope is to block the illegal motorbike rides across Kai Kung Leng. As motorbikes over-tramp on major and minor trails, the soil has become more infertile for vegetation cover growth since more and more people or motorbikes ride on these over-tramped trails. To elimilatate this process of over-trampping and soil compaction, setting up signs and barriers to barricated motorbikes rides on Kai Kung Leng is a effective way to cut the root cause of rills and gullies formations. Over-trapping and soil compaction can be eliminated by erecting signs and barriers to barricade motorbike rides on Kai Kung Leng to prevent the formation of gullies and rills.
電單車壓實土壤剖面並加劇了荒地的形成,因此保護山坡的方法是阻止非法電單車穿越雞公嶺。 隨著電單車在主要和次要小徑上過度行駛,越來越多的人或摩托車騎在這些過度行駛的小路上,土壤變得更加貧瘠,無法生長植被。可以通過在雞公嶺上設置標誌和障礙物來阻擋摩托車騎行,以防止形成溝壑和溪流,從而消除過度捕集和土壤壓實。
4) punishment and reinforce current policies 懲罰和強化現行政策
Hill-fire is the primarily cause by the "permitted burials areas" were so near to the country park, even some of the "permitted burials area" has been enlarged by the landowners due the land is a valable resource. The problem is that the "permitted burials areas" allows fire burning, and it may increase the risk and frequency of hill-fire occurs. Therefore, the government should set up a regular checking schelude for the "permitted burials areas", avoiding the enlargement of the "permitted areas". In addition, some burials set outside of approved areas or fires that buring outside permitted areas should be punished.
山火的主要原因是「認可殯葬區」離郊野公園太近,甚至部分「認可殯葬區」已被地主擴大,因為土地是寶貴的資源。 問題是「認可殯葬區」允許火災燃燒,這可能會增加山火發生的風險和頻率。 因此,政府應建立「認可殯葬區」定期檢查表,避免「認可殯葬區」擴大。 此外,對一些在批准區域之外設置的墓葬或在允許區域之外進行的生火應受到處罰。
5) education and awareness of nature preservations 自然保護的教育和意識
To rise the awareness and nature preservations education is a sustainable way to maintain the natural landscape of Kai Kung Leng.
提高認識和自然保護教育是維護啟公嶺自然景觀的可持續方式。
Photograph shows the Taiwanese motorbike barriers and signs in their park 圖為公園內的台灣摩托車護欄和標誌
News highlighted about the hill-fire and "permitted burials areas" 關於山火和「認可殯葬區」的新聞
This is the first draft for the "Evaluation of intensive deundation in Kai Kung Leng" by Otto :)