Context: Dentists across the globe are witnessing a completely unforeseen and uncertain professional situation during these times of COVID-19 pandemic. There is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of routinely used mouthwashes and especially Chlorhexidine, to reduce the viral load in oral cavity and the aerosols during oral procedures.
Background: There have been sporadic and periodic large-scale epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with cases at risk for significant morbidity and mortality particularly in Southeast Asia since 1997 and in India since early 2003.
Cum In Mouth Indian
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There is no normal enteric virus flora. Usually only one type of enterovirus multiplies within the intestine of an individual at any given time. Polio vaccination has eliminated polio viruses from the gut, thereby increasing the chances of coxsackie viral and echoviral infections. It is possible that the emergence of HFMD in India may be related to the mass polio vaccination. However, a firm conclusion can be made in this regard only after studying a large number of cases of HFMD over a period of time.6 It is uncommon in adults, but those with immune deficiencies are very susceptible. HFMD is not to be confused with foot- and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which is a disease affecting sheep, cattle and swine, and which is unrelated to HFMD.
Oral cancer has been traditionally described as a major form of cancer in India although on the basis of cancer registry data, it was thought that the incidence has decreased. There are several recent reports in the literature, however, predicting an increase in mouth cancer incidence in India. This prediction is based upon observation of an increasing prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis, especially in younger individuals, caused by gutka, an industrially manufactured food item. A comparison of the age distribution of recently reported oral submucous fibrosis cases and incident cases reported in the past clearly establishes that the disease is now occurring at much younger ages. A comparison of the age specific incidence rates of mouth cancer (ICD 143-5) during 1983-87 and 1995 in the city of Ahmedabad shows that the incidence has significantly increased in the younger population (< 50 years). Since tongue cancer (ICD 141) does not show a similar increase, it is concluded that the increase in mouth cancer incidence is real. Urgent public health measures are required to curb this new but avoidable epidemic.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a febrile, self-limiting viral illness, characterized by oral and cutaneous papulovesicular lesions. HFMD was first reported in India from Kerala in 2003.[1] Thereafter, there have been reports from Nagpur,[2] Jorhat,[3] Kolkata,[4,5,6] and Bhubaneswar.[7] We report an outbreak of HFMD in Udaipur district in Rajasthan, wherein we managed 38 cases over a 3-month period in 2012.
Various classifications [3, 4] have been proposed to classify patients requiring full mouth rehabilitation, however, the classification most widely adopted is the one given by Turner and Missirlian [5].
The patient closest speaking space is more than 1 mm and the interocclusal space is more than 4 mm and has some loss of facial contour and drooping of the corners of the mouth. All teeth of one arch must be prepared in a single sitting once the final decision is made. This makes the increase in VDO less abrupt and allows better control of esthetics.
In 1960, an organised clinical approach to full mouth rehabilitation was given by Pankey and Mann [30, 31] based on the principles of occlusion advocated by Schuyler [11]. The PMS occlusal scheme, unlike the gnathologic concept, encouraged multiple occlusal contacts during lateral movements (group function or wide centre) and during protrusive movements (long centric, an essential feature of this technique). This may have the effect of increasing tooth wear. The concept of posterior disclusion has made the use of FGP technique advocated by PMS unnecessary in most occlusal restorations. As FGP technique utilizes wax to obtain the record there is great potential for errors. Furthermore, PMS technique cannot be used if the teeth are periodontally weak as FGP cannot be accurately recorded.
After reviewing the various occlusal concepts, we are of the opinion that it is best to achieve posterior disocclusion in full mouth rehabilitation to avoid harmful lateral forces as was suggested by Hobo [37]. Although, the concept of gnathology provides stable long-term results due to mutually protected occlusion and tripod contacts, in some patients, freedom in occlusion may be required and therefore the PMS concept cannot be out rightly dismissed. Indeed, some of the PMS concepts such as establishing an acceptable occlusal plane prior to occlusal rehabilitation are incorporated into everyday occlusal practice [30, 31]. Furthermore, as the tripod contacts are very difficult to equilibrate [26] it is recommended that cusp-to-fossa contacts be achieved in the reconstructed occlusion.
A red hand over the mouth has become the symbol of a growing movement, the MMIW movement. It stands for all the missing sisters whose voices are not heard. It stands for the silence of the media and law enforcement in the midst of this crisis. It stands for the oppression and subjugation of Native women who are now rising up to say #NoMoreStolenSisters.
The lifeways of the early inhabitants changed over time as one culture replaced another and as oral histories and traditions were passed down through generations. Yosemite Valley came to be called Ahwahnee, meaning gaping mouth-like place. The people called themselves Ahwahneechee.
In our study at genus level, the genera Prevotella occupies 8.9% at H1 and increased to 9.04% at H2. Though, it is a very minute and insignificant difference, but similar kind of pattern of increment with altitude has been reported by another study at 4500 m21. Prevotella is the predominant genus found in gut and oral microbiome at HA42. While the presence of Streptococci and Prevotella species is common in the general population, recent research has suggested that these bacteria may be associated with increased inflammation and other changes that could potentially contribute to the development of progression of oral cancer37. Reduction in salivary secretion at HA often gives a feeling of dry mouth and tongue15, and reduced salivary flow is directly correlated with altered oral microbiota composition38,39. Because the host is unable to balance the acidic environment, caries forming bacteria can flourish in this setting. In this study, we also report changes in bacterial genera including Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Aggregatibacter, and Fusobacterium which are engaged in the development and maturation of dental biofilms. However, it is important to note that the relationship between these bacteria and oral diseases at HA is not fully understood, and further research with a large sample size is needed to establish any causal links.
Abstract:A mass vaccination campaign in India seeks to control and eventually eradicate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Biosanitary measures along with FMD monitoring are being conducted along with vaccination. The implementation of the FMD control program has drastically reduced the incidence of FMD. However, cases are still reported, even in regions where vaccination is carried out regularly. Control of FMD outbreaks is difficult when the virus remains in circulation in the vaccinated population. Various FMD risk factors have been identified that are responsible for FMD in vaccinated areas. The factors are discussed along with strategies to address these challenges. The current chemically inactivated trivalent vaccine formulation containing strains of serotype O, A, and Asia 1 has limitations including thermolability and induction of only short-term immunity. Advantages and disadvantages of several new-generation alternate vaccine formulations are discussed. It is unfeasible to study every incidence of FMD in vaccinated animals/areas in such a big country as India with its huge livestock population. However, at the same time, it is absolutely necessary to identify the precise reason for vaccination failure. Failure to vaccinate is one reason for the occurrence of FMD in vaccinated areas. FMD epidemiology, emerging and re-emerging virus strains, and serological status over the past 10 years are discussed to understand the impact of vaccination and incidences of vaccination failure in India. Other factors that are important in vaccination failure that we discuss include disrupted herd immunity, health status of animals, FMD carrier status, and FMD prevalence in other species. Recommendations to boost the search of alternate vaccine formulation, strengthen the veterinary infrastructure, bolster the real-time monitoring of FMD, as well as a detailed investigation and documentation of every case of vaccination failure are provided with the goal of refining the control program.Keywords: foot-and-mouth disease; immunobiology; vaccines; vaccination failure; virus emergence
Dry Mouth occurs when there is a lack of saliva flow in the mouth. Whether due to hormonal changes or medication, chronic dryness in the mouth can lead to a host of dental problems, including Burning Mouth Syndrome.
While aggressive brushing can wear down tooth enamel, the same is true for tissues in the mouth. Brushing the tongue too hard can irritate it, causing it to burn. In turn, drinking high-acidic beverages can also irritate the tongue, as well as the palate.
Also called oral candidiasis, oral thrush is a fungal infection in the mouth. People often notice white patches or lesions on the tongue and inside the cheeks. While oral thrush is linked to different medications or health conditions, it is also believed to contribute to Burning Mouth Syndrome.
The Osage are an American Indian tribe whose ancestral domain included much of Oklahoma. A legend indicates the Osage and the other Dhegiha Sioux (Kaw, Omaha, Ponca, and Quapaw) originated at Indian Knoll near the mouth of the Green River in Kentucky. However, in paleolithic times they ranged from the fork of the Ohio River to the Mississippi and beyond. Osage genesis myths and archaeological evidence tend to support the legend. be457b7860
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