Jupiter's Statistics:

ATMOSPHERE

• Hydrogen makes up the majority of Jupiter's composition- about 90%

• Helium makes up almost 10%. 

• Compounds including ammonia, sulphur, methane, and water vapour make up a very small portion of the atmosphere.

• In the upper atmosphere, as pressure and temperature rise, hydrogen gas is compressed into a liquid. As a result, Jupiter now has the largest ocean in the solar system made of hydrogen.

• BANDS OF JUPITER: The colder white bands are known as zones, while the darker red ones are called belts. Gases within the zones rise, while within the belts they fall.

LAYERS OF JUPITER’S ATMOSPHERE

• Troposphere: ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and water, which form the distinctive red and white bands seen from Earth.

• Stratosphere: hydrocarbons. The stratosphere ends where the pressure is 1/1000 of that found at the surface of the earth

• Thermosphere: The thermosphere is where the aurora near the poles happens. Airglow, a weak light that the thermosphere has the ability to emit, prevents the night sky from ever becoming fully dark. The thermosphere has no clearly defined top and is heated by solar radiation and particles from the magnetosphere.

CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES OF JUPITER

• Jupiter possesses both cyclones, which move in the direction of the clock, and anticyclones, which move in the opposite direction. 

• According to Juno, cyclones feature warmer air at the top with lower density and cooler air with more density at the bottom. 

• The converse is true with anticyclones, which have colder air on top of warmer air.

GREAT RED SPOT

• The location, which was first discovered in the 1600s, is actually a powerful storm that is situated just south of the planet's equator. Telescopes on Earth can observe the ferocious hurricane.

• The destructive cyclone, which can fit at least two Earths inside of it, rotates in around six Earth-days. 

• The Great Red Spot must be higher in the sky because it is colder than the bands around it. Its reddish hue has different shades around the region, however its origin is still unknown.

MAGNETIC FIELD

• The atmosphere's hydrogen transforms into metallic gas about a third of the way into the planet, enabling it to conduct electricity. 

• This contributes to Jupiter's strong magnetic field. Every 9.9 hours, the planet rotates quickly, and as a result, electrical currents in the metallic hydrogen provide electricity that fuels the planet's magnetic field.

• The magnetic field of Jupiter is over 20,000 times stronger than that of Earth. Amateur radio operators on Earth may hear the electromagnetic storms they produce because the plasmas and magnetic field lines are beaming them in our direction. 

• Jupiter has the capacity to emit radio waves that are more potent than the sun at times.

Why Is JunoCam So Important?

"JunoCam is a wide-angle camera designed to capture the unique polar perspective of Jupiter offered by Juno’s polar orbit. JunoCam’s four-color images include the best spatial resolution ever acquired of Jupiter’s cloud tops. JunoCam will look for convective clouds and lightning in thunderstorms and derive the heights of the clouds. JunoCam will support Juno’s radiometer experiment by identifying any unusual atmospheric conditions such as hotspots. JunoCam is on the spacecraft explicitly to reach out to the public and share the excitement of space exploration. The public is an essential part of our virtual team: amateur astronomers will supply ground-based images for use in planning, the public will weigh in on which images to acquire, and the amateur image processing community will help process the data."

- “Junocam: Juno’s Outreach Camera.” Springerlink.Com | Https://Www.Missionjuno.Swri.Edu/, 23 July 2014, www.missionjuno.swri.edu/pub/e/downloads/JunoCam_Junos_Outreach_Camera.pdf.

Basically, it is a push-frame camera attached to a satellite orbiting the largest planet in the solar system, that uses a time-delay integration technology to create a radio signal that captures images of Jupiter's surface, using incredible technology that captures high definition snapshots in low light levels on a rapidly rotating spacecraft.

The JunoCam is an innovative system that leads to further discovery of the Jovian System. The camera has a wide, 58 degree field of view and as the Juno itself can spin, it can see 360 degrees all around. The Juno approaches the examination of the Jovian System through capturing numerous sequential image frames that can be constructed into a movie. Further, the camera must be timed properly as the distance between Juno and the Jovian system is still over a million kilometers. Thus, to obtain the photos with the greatest detail, the Juno should be utilized around Perijove, or the point in an orbit closest to Jupiter.

The images are constructed in a way to capture the distinct, polar perspective of the Jovian System that is difficult to examine through a telescopic camera. Upon closely strategizing the use of JunoCam and send the photos back on Earth, we can uncover revolutionary findings.

Similarities Between Earth and Jupiter:

Similarities:

Jupiter is a gas giant without a clearly visible solid surface, whereas Earth is a planet with a solid surface. While the Earth's atmosphere is primarily made up of oxygen, nitrogen, and other molecules, Jupiter's atmosphere is primarily made up of hydrogen and helium. Their sizes and temperatures are not comparable. The planet though still share numerous similarities, despite this.

Much like Earth, temperatures and pressures inside Jupiter increase dramatically toward the core. At the “surface”, the pressure and temperature are believed to be 10 bars and 340 K (67 °C, 152 °F).

In the region where hydrogen becomes metallic, it is believed that temperatures reach 10,000 K (9,700 °C; 17,500 °F) and pressures 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be 36,000 K (35,700 °C; 64,300 °F) and the interior pressure at roughly 3,000–4,500 GPa.

Magnetic Field :

• Radio waves inside Jupiter accelerate electrons similarly to how they do on Earth, resulting in magnetic tremors.

• The magnetic field of Jupiter is four times more powerful than the one of Earth and extends 100 times farther than Jupiter's radius.

• Same evolutionary pattern of growth, expansion, and recovery.

• Occasional occurrence of sub-storms resulting in flux dropouts reducing the magnetic field's strength.

Auroras:

• Internal energy is the main cause of aurora .

• X-ray aurora also observed .

• Lo(Jupiter’s closest moon) – a dragging force is produced in magnetic field-thus auroras always present.

Ocean Current and Cloud Bands:

• Root cause turbulence.

• Alternating air flow.

Quasi Biennial Oscillation (Change in Stratospheric wind direction):

• Cause on earth- sunlight differences .

• Cause on Jupiter-storms (lower to higher layer)/internal energy.

• High rotation speed cause of QBO near equator.

Ring Currents:

• Earth -clockwise direction, decreases the magnetic field.

• Jupiter – Hold Ionic plasma i.e. being drifted by Io.

X-rays:

• X-ray Emissions.

• Auroral and low latitude-disk X-ray emission.

Our Goals:

• To develop color images using the three JunoCam-generated grayscale images representing the RGB colors.

• Experiment with image processing to generate images that can be used for scientific, artistic, or other fun activities.

• Contribute to Open Science by engaging citizen scientists with the research and data analyzation process that goes into creating incredible scientific discoveries about our solar system.

• Bring more awareness to STEM research and encourage others to pursue science as a career or hobby.

• Expand on the knowledge that scientists have about our universe by using technology to process satellite images of Jupiter, revealing unknown details about the planet's surface.

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN IMAGE PROCESSING:

Refining the Images from JunoCam is employing AI:

Any image processing software employs anomaly detection for getting the detailed image

removing all the discrepancies and inconsistencies that can alter the result of an

image. There are various methods that we can look into or employ to make the refinement/

processing possible.

Some possible methods are:

● Anomaly detection methods look for patterns in data that deviate from expected

behaviour. This can be used to spot issues with a system, fraud, or other odd

behaviour. In my situation, we had to quickly spot anomalies in video photos.

● In order to determine whether or not we are dealing with an outlier, a typical strategy

would be to create a reference probability distribution consisting of photographs

without anomalies and compute the distance between fresh images and the

reference distribution.

WAVELET DECOMPOSITION:

● Wavelet is a signal processing technique that can be used to decompose

a signal into different frequency components. It can be used for image

processing by decomposing an image into different frequency bands.

● Wavelets can also be used to compress images, by identifying and

removing unnecessary details. By doing so, wavelet compression can

result in much smaller file sizes without compromising on quality. In

addition, wavelets can be used for a variety of other tasks such as

deblurring, denoising, and edge detection.

As for the programming aspect we can use Python Code for this anomaly detection.

OUR METHOD:

• Popular free and open source image editing software known as GIMP has been used

extensively on Linux-based computers as well as on other operating systems. It offers a

variety of tools for editing and manipulating images and has an easy-to-use user interface.

Additionally, it permits the creation of plugins that can be created independently and merged

with a computer's local GIMP installation. One can create unique workflows or sets of

operations that can be used on an image using plugins.

• To reduce intensive footprint operations on our GPU with tools such as PyTorch we try to

find alternative in the following python dependencies.The Python package dependencies

involved in the development of GIMP-ML are as follows:

How Our Project Meets The NASA Space Apps Challenge:

• We developed color images using the three JunoCam-generated grayscale images representing the RGB colors.

• We experimented with image processing to generate images that can be used for scientific, artistic, or other fun activities.

• We direct downloaded raw images from the JunoCam website to user computer and conducted image processing including: brightness adjustment, color and contrast enhancement, and anomaly detection.

• As opposed to using the preliminary RGB channel images, we used raw framelets (striped images) to get the most useful information from JunoCam data.

• We removed any existing artifacts created by the strip acquisition process.

• We used alternative combinations of color channel images to create a composite image.

• We created this website with a gallery that compares the original vs. processed images.