This is a short list of resources which either explain the faith or present models of Christian life. Most are written or produced by Catholics. All can teach and inspire us to live "in a manner worthy of the calling we have received" (Eph 4:1).
Books
Non-fiction
Anonymous, The Way of the Pilgrim
The Desert Fathers: Sayings of the Early Christian Monks
Scott & Kimberly Hahn, Rome Sweet Home: Our Journey to Catholicism
Peter Kreeft & Ronald K. Tacelli, Handbook Of Catholic Apologetics
Thomas Merton, The Seven Storey Mountain
Josef Pieper, Faith, Hope, and Love
Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI), Introduction to Christianity
Thérèse of Lisieux, The Story of a Soul
Fiction
Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov
Graham Greene, The Power and the Glory
Walter M. Miller, A Canticle for Leibowitz
Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories
JRR Tolkien, Lord of the Rings
Evelyn Waugh, Brideshead Revisited
Gene Luen Yang, Boxers and Saints
Official Church documents & Papal Encyclicals
Catechism of the Catholic Church (or the shorter Compendium)
Pope John Paul II, Veritatis Splendor
Pope Benedict, Caritas in Veritate
Videos and podcasts
Films
Babette's Feast (also a book)
Diary of a Country Priest (also a book)
Entertaining Angels: the Dorothy Day Story
Groundhog Day (a surprisingly Catholic movie)
Lilies of the Field (also a book)