Abstract

Soil health is essential for sustainable agricultural development, and soil microorganisms play an indispensable role in maintaining and enhancing soil health. Soil microbial communities influence soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties through multiple pathways, including promoting nutrient cycling, improving soil structure, decomposing pollutants, and providing biological control against pathogens and pests. This paper comprehensively reviews the complex relationships between soil microorganisms and soil health, focusing on the key mechanisms by which microbial communities contribute to soil health enhancement. It also analyzes the effects of environmental and human factors on microbial community structure and function. In addition, the study discusses the specific applications of soil microorganisms in agriculture, particularly in bioremediation, microbial fertilizers, and biocontrol agent development. This study aims to reveal how soil microorganisms impact soil health, assess their potential applications in agricultural management, and provide scientific support for sustainable agricultural development and soil resource conservation.

Keywords

soil health, soil microorganisms, sustainable agriculture, nutrient cycling, bioremediation

Citation

Zhu G, Ouyang Y, Wen J. The impact of soil microorganisms on soil health: Interrelationships, mechanisms of action, and practical applications. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0110a.

Author information

Guangyin Zhu: Southwest Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment

Yijun Ouyang: Southwest Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment

Junhua Wen: Southwest Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-03; Revised: 2024-12-10; Accepted: 2024-12-19

Abstract

Global agriculture faces significant challenges due to intensifying climate change and environmental pressures. To enhance crop adaptability and yield under diverse soil conditions, this paper proposes a big data-driven method for crop selection and cultivation strategy optimization. By integrating multi-source data such as soil, climate, and crop genomes, and applying machine learning and data mining technologies, this approach identifies crop varieties resilient to drought, salinity, and heat stress, among other environmental challenges, and formulates precise cultivation strategies. The paper highlights the central role of big data technologies in optimizing crop selection and cultivation strategies, analyzes the impact of different soil types on crop growth, and outlines data-driven pathways for improving crop performance. Through case studies, the effectiveness and potential of this method for enhancing crop yield and adaptability are demonstrated. This paper aims to provide a scientifically grounded, data-driven approach for precision agriculture, supporting global crop resilience and productivity in complex environments and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords

precision agriculture, crop adaptability, big data in agriculture, cultivation strategy optimization, sustainable agriculture

Citation

Sun C, Lu Z, Tan X. Big data-driven crop selection and cultivation strategy optimization: Precision agriculture for enhancing crop adaptability and yield. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0110b.

Author information

Chengrong Sun: Southwest Agricultural Research Open Laboratory

Zhenjie Lu: Southwest Agricultural Research Open Laboratory

Xiaofeng Tan: Southwest Agricultural Research Open Laboratory

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-05; Revised: 2024-12-09; Accepted: 2024-12-19

Abstract

With increasing market demands for higher peanut quality, fertilization techniques, as a significant factor affecting peanut kernel quality, have become a research focus. This study aims to evaluate the regulatory effects of reduced nitrogen, increased calcium, and layered fertilization techniques on peanut kernel quality. By applying various levels of nitrogen and calcium fertilizers, combined with two fertilization methods—mechanical layered fertilization and manual broadcasting—the study systematically analyzes the impact of these techniques on peanut kernel protein content, oil composition, amino acid profile, and their interrelationships. The results show that reduced nitrogen and increased calcium significantly enhance the protein content and fatty acid composition of peanut kernels, with a notable increase in the proportion of linoleic acid. Layered fertilization further improves fertilizer utilization and optimizes kernel nutrient composition. Correlation analysis indicates a significant positive correlation between crude protein, total amino acid content, and peanut yield, while oil content is negatively correlated with yield. Additionally, the study reveals the interactive effects of nitrogen and calcium co-application on peanut quality, providing theoretical support for the application of fertilization techniques in enhancing peanut quality. This study offers a scientific basis for fertilization management in peanut cultivation, aiming to improve peanut nutritional value and market competitiveness through optimized fertilization strategies, thereby promoting sustainable development of the peanut industry.

Keywords

peanut kernel quality, fertilization techniques, nitrogen and calcium, peanut yield, sustainable agriculture

Citation

Wu J, Zheng H. Analysis of the regulatory effects of reduced nitrogen, increased calcium, and layered fertilization on peanut kernel quality. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0110c.

Author information

Jianfeng Wu: Southwest Shandong Agricultural Service Center

Hemei Zheng: Southwest Shandong Agricultural Service Center

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-01; Revised:2024-12-08; Accepted: 2024-12-19

Abstract

This study aims to systematically assess the comprehensive effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth of summer peanuts, providing the scientific basis for optimizing fertilization management. The experiment was conducted in H Province from 2021 to 2022, using the H3A5 variety, and included five nitrogen treatment levels (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg·hm⁻²). Pod yield, quality, nitrogen accumulation dynamics, photothermal physiological characteristics, and root morphology were measured to analyze the effects of nitrogen application. Results showed that nitrogen application had a significant impact on pod yield and quality, with optimal nitrogen rates of 150 kg·hm⁻² (first year) and 113 kg·hm⁻² (second year), resulting in an average yield increase of 18.9%. Additionally, as nitrogen rates increased, both nitrogen accumulation rate and utilization efficiency were significantly enhanced, along with improvements in photothermal physiological performance and root development characteristics. This study suggests an appropriate nitrogen application range of 110 to 150 kg·hm⁻² to meet the requirements of different soil and climate conditions, offering guidance for agricultural production and establishing a foundation for further research on nitrogen optimization strategies.

Keywords

nitrogen application, summer peanut growth, fertilization management, pod yield improvement, nitrogen optimization

Citation

Guo D, Zhang Z, Li H. A comprehensive study on the effects of different nitrogen application rates on growth, yield, and quality of summer peanut. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0110d.

Author information

Dongyun Guo: Yantai City Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences

Zhiying Zhang: Yantai City Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences

Hui Li: Yantai City Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-03; Revised: 2024-12-04; Accepted: 2024-12-19

Abstract

This study systematically analyzed the effects of different tillage practices (rotary tillage and plowing) and nitrogen application patterns (basal application and delayed application) on wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by comparing their impacts on wheat growth, photosynthetic physiology, dry matter accumulation, and root distribution. The results showed that the combination of plowing and delayed nitrogen application significantly increased wheat yield and WUE, as reflected in enhanced root growth, photosynthetic capacity, and dry matter accumulation. Plowing improved soil structure and promoted deeper root growth, while delayed nitrogen application effectively improved soil moisture distribution and optimized nitrogen availability, reducing ineffective water evaporation. This combination of plowing and delayed nitrogen application notably delayed flag leaf senescence and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, thereby improving WUE. The study recommends combining plowing and delayed nitrogen application in wheat cultivation to achieve a synergistic increase in yield and WUE.

Keywords

wheat yield, water use efficiency, tillage practices, nitrogen application, root growth

Citation

Gao Y, Ma S. The regulatory effects of tillage practices and nitrogen application patterns on wheat yield and water use efficiency. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0110e.

Author information

Yanghai Gao: Dong’e County Agriculture, Forestry and Water Comprehensive Service Center

Shoushan Ma: Dong’e County Agriculture, Forestry and Water Comprehensive Service Center

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-07; Revised: 2024-12-06; Accepted: 2024-12-19

Abstract

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen application patterns on soil microbial community diversity and structure in the rice-Brassica campestris rotation system, this study established four treatments: full nitrogen application, reduced nitrogen application, combined nitrogen and organic fertilizer application, and no nitrogen application. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to systematically analyze bacterial and fungal communities’ Alpha diversity, Beta diversity, and community composition. The results showed that reduced nitrogen application and combined nitrogen-organic fertilizer application significantly increased the species richness and evenness of bacteria and fungi. Among the treatments, organic fertilizer application had the most pronounced effect on optimizing microbial community structure, significantly enhancing the abundance of functional bacterial groups such as Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. It also positively regulated fungal groups such as Ascomycota and Zygomycota. Beta diversity analysis revealed that different nitrogen application treatments significantly altered soil microbial community composition, with these changes closely associated with environmental factors such as soil C: N ratio and pH. The study demonstrated that reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer has a synergistic effect on optimizing soil microbial community structure and improving soil ecological functions. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the scientific fertilization management of the rice-Brassica campestris rotation system and offer scientific references for promoting green agricultural practices that harmonize nitrogen reduction with soil health.

Keywords

soil microbial diversity, nitrogen application, rice rotation system, organic fertilizer, microbial community structure

Citation

Shi G, Tang W, Cong Y. The effects of different nitrogen application patterns on soil microbial diversity and community structure in the rice-Brassica campestris rotation system. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0117a.

Author information

Guangda Shi: Sichuan Jiujiang Agricultural Research Institute

Wenxuan Tang: Sichuan Jiujiang Agricultural Research Institute

Yuebin Cong: Sichuan Jiujiang Agricultural Research Institute

Publication History

Received: 2024-11-23; Revised: 2025-01-05; Accepted: 2025-01-15

Abstract

The deep sag zone of the Jiyang Depression, located in the Bohai Bay Basin, is a region with significant oil and gas resource potential, particularly the lower sub-member of the third member of the Shahejie Formation, which is regarded as an enriched layer of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks. This study focuses on core samples from Well BYP5 to systematically analyze the geological characteristics of the hydrocarbon source rocks and the exploration potential of natural hydrogen in the area. Comprehensive analyses of organic matter content, mineral composition, and thermal evolution characteristics indicate that the hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area have high organic matter abundance, are rich in carbonate minerals, and exhibit high thermal maturity, having undergone significant hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes. Current measurements of free hydrocarbons and hydrogen index are relatively low, suggesting that the source rocks have reached a highly mature stage of thermal evolution. Core desorption gas analysis reveals a desorption gas content ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 cm³/g, with hydrogen content varying from 1.1% to 19.3% and an average of 7.1%, demonstrating a distinct hydrogen enrichment characteristic. Component analysis of the desorption gas indicates a significant positive correlation between hydrogen and carbon dioxide and a negative correlation with methane. This suggests that hydrogen generation is closely related to organic matter pyrolysis, heterogeneous bond cleavage, and demethylation processes. These findings provide new insights into the exploration of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources and offer scientific support for the theoretical study and practical deployment of natural hydrogen exploration. The study aims to deepen understanding of the characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks and the mechanisms of natural hydrogen formation in the deep sag zone of the Bohai Bay Basin, contributing to the development and utilization of regional oil, gas, and natural hydrogen resources.

Keywords

Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, hydrocarbon source rocks, natural hydrogen exploration, thermal evolution

Citation

Tan Y, Tang H, Ma Y. The characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks and evaluation of natural hydrogen exploration potential in the deep sag zone of the Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0124a.

Author information

Yongyi Tan: Shengli Oilfield Branch, China Petrochemical Corporation

Huilan Tang: Shengli Oilfield Branch, China Petrochemical Corporation

Yaowen Ma: Shengli Oilfield Branch, China Petrochemical Corporation

Publication History

Received: 2024-10-26; Revised: 2025-01-10; Accepted: 2025-01-23

Abstract

Fertilization patterns in maize-soybean rotation systems significantly influence crop growth and yield. Current fertilization strategies have not effectively balanced production costs with environmental protection. This study systematically investigated the effects of five different fertilization patterns on soybean root development and yield, aiming to evaluate their potential to promote agricultural sustainability and reduce chemical fertilizer use. The five fertilization treatments included: T1 (chemical fertilizer for maize, no fertilizer for soybean), T2 (chemical fertilizer for maize, organic fertilizer for soybean), T3 (chemical fertilizer for maize, half-dose chemical fertilizer for soybean), T4 (chemical fertilizer for maize, conventional chemical fertilizer for soybean, as a control), and T5 (one-time application of total chemical fertilizer for maize and soybean). The results showed that the T2 treatment significantly increased soybean yield, representing a 7.3% improvement compared to T4. Additionally, T2 demonstrated superior performance in root development, particularly in root weight density in the 0–10 cm soil layer during the R6 stage and root length density during the R1 stage. Further analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between root development and yield (correlation coefficient r = 0.655, p < 0.01), whereas T3 and T4 treatments showed weaker correlations between yield and certain root traits, with some layers even exhibiting negative correlations. Comprehensive analysis indicated that organic fertilizer enhanced soybean yield and root activity, improved soil health, and reduced chemical fertilizer input. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing fertilization patterns in maize-soybean rotation systems in Northeast China, aiming to achieve a balance between economic and environmental benefits and to support sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords

maize-soybean rotation, fertilization patterns, soybean yield, root development, organic fertilizer

Citation

Zhang C, Luo Y, Wu Z, Gao C. The regulatory effects of fertilization patterns on soybean root development and yield in maize-soybean rotation systems. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0131a.

Author information

Caiyun Zhang: Dingxi City Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center

Yuying Luo: Dingxi City Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center

Zhihao Wu: Dingxi City Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center

Chonggao Gao: Dingxi City Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center

Publication History

Received: 2024-11-05; Revised: 2025-01-20; Accepted: 2025-01-28

Abstract

Wheat is a globally important cereal crop, and its yield and quality are significantly constrained by drought stress. Drought resistance, as a complex trait regulated by multiple genes, exhibits varying effects under different environmental conditions. This study focuses on drought-resistant genes A, B, and C and their combinations, systematically evaluating their effects on wheat grain quality, particularly thousand-kernel weight, under both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Using KASP molecular marker technology, precise detection and genotyping of the three drought-resistant genes were conducted. The results indicate that individual drought-resistant genes have limited effects on improving grain quality, whereas gene combinations significantly enhance grain quality. Notably, the A+B and A+C combinations demonstrated stronger positive effects under drought conditions, highlighting the importance of gene interactions in improving grain quality. Based on the findings, a breeding strategy integrating multi-gene pyramiding and marker-assisted selection is proposed to enhance wheat's drought resistance and grain quality. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for drought-resistant breeding and grain quality improvement in wheat but also offers scientific support for ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agriculture in the context of global climate change.

Keywords

wheat drought resistance, grain quality improvement, multi-gene pyramiding, marker-assisted selection, climate-resilient agriculture

Citation

Tan Y, Cheng H, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Zhou G. The effects and mechanisms of individual and combined drought-resistant genes on wheat grain quality. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0207a.

Author information

Yongyu Tan: Jinhua Vocational University of Science and Technology

Hong Cheng: Jinhua Vocational University of Science and Technology

Zhiying Zheng: Jinhua Vocational University of Science and Technology

Xuekun Zhang: Jinhua Vocational University of Science and Technology

Guangsheng Zhou: Jinhua Vocational University of Science and Technology

Publication History

Received: 2024-11-16; Revised: 2025-01-30; Accepted: 2025-02-05

Abstract

To investigate the effects of different soil moisture contents on soil respiration rate and root development in upland rice and to optimize water management strategies in arid regions, this study established five moisture gradients: 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, and 100% of soil water-holding capacity (WHC). Using a pot-cultivation method to simulate the upland rice growth environment, the study systematically analyzed soil respiration rates and root development characteristics under each treatment. The results showed that soil respiration rates gradually decreased with increasing soil moisture content, and the number of roots was significantly reduced. Changes in soil respiration rates during the tillering and heading stages revealed a gradual decline under 100% WHC, while other treatments exhibited an initial increase followed by stabilization. Daily variation analysis indicated that soil respiration rates under 65%-85% WHC increased initially and then stabilized, whereas those under 95%-100% WHC peaked before significantly declining. Soil temperature also varied significantly with the moisture gradient, peaking at 75% WHC and being lower under 95% and 100% WHC. Moreover, appropriate soil moisture levels positively impacted both root development and soil respiration in upland rice, while excessive or insufficient moisture hindered healthy growth. Comprehensive analysis suggested that 75% WHC is the optimal soil moisture condition for upland rice growth, significantly improving water use efficiency and crop yield. This study provides scientific evidence for upland rice water management and supports the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions.

Keywords

upland rice, soil moisture, root development, soil respiration, water management

Citation

Shen B, Fu J. The effects of soil moisture content on soil respiration and root development in upland rice. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0207b.

Author information

Baoqiang Shen: Baoshan Agricultural Economics Research Institute

Jiali Fu: Baoshan Agricultural Economics Research Institute

Publication History

Received: 2024-12-02; Revised: 2025-01-30; Accepted: 2025-02-05

Abstract

This study systematically evaluated the effects of different irrigation methods on winter potato production in Guangdong province, providing scientific guidance for optimizing irrigation strategies. Four treatments were tested: subsurface drip irrigation, surface drip irrigation, surface micro-sprinkler irrigation, and a control (no irrigation). Their impacts on soil water-thermal conditions, nutrient availability, water use efficiency, and plant growth characteristics, as well as tuber yield and quality, were compared. The results showed that irrigation treatments significantly improved soil moisture and temperature conditions and enhanced nutrient availability. Among them, subsurface drip irrigation achieved the highest water use efficiency (7.2 kg/m³) and tuber yield (40.5 t/ha), outperforming the other methods. Surface drip irrigation and surface micro-sprinkler irrigation also significantly promoted potato growth and yield, though their yield increases were lower than subsurface drip irrigation. Additionally, all irrigation methods improved tuber quality, with varying effects. Overall, subsurface drip irrigation demonstrated outstanding water-saving and yield-enhancing benefits, making it suitable for promotion in winter potato cultivation in Guangdong province. This study not only provides technical guidance for regional potato production but also offers valuable references for efficient water resource management and the promotion of water-saving irrigation technologies in other regions.

Keywords

irrigation methods, potato yield, water use efficiency, subsurface drip irrigation, Guangdong province

Citation

Wang H, Liang J, Li S. The effects of irrigation methods on potato yield and water use efficiency: An empirical study in Guangdong province. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0214a.

Author information

Huiqin Wang: Shanxi Agricultural Water Conservation Comprehensive Research and Innovation Team

Jiali Liang: Shanxi Agricultural Water Conservation Comprehensive Research and Innovation Team

Shengxia Li: Shanxi Agricultural Water Conservation Comprehensive Research and Innovation Team

Publication History

Received: 2024-12-06; Revised: 2025-02-03; Accepted: 2025-02-12

Abstract

Lacustrine faulted basins are important areas for oil and gas exploration, where the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of source rocks are influenced by various factors such as depositional environment, tectonic evolution, and organic matter abundance, exhibiting significant heterogeneity that poses challenges to resource evaluation. Taking the Dongying Sag in the Jiyang Depression as the study area, this research systematically analyzed the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of three major source rock intervals (upper Es4, lower Es3, and middle Es3) and their controlling factors. The results indicate that source rocks in the lake basin center and shallow lacustrine environments are characterized by high organic matter abundance and strong hydrocarbon generation potential. In contrast, those in shallow shoals and delta front environments have lower hydrocarbon generation efficiency. The hydrocarbon generation and expulsion capacity of source rocks are closely related to the degree of organic matter enrichment, with micro-pore structures and depositional facies playing significant roles in expulsion efficiency. Among the source rock intervals, the upper Es4 layer contributes the most to resource potential and exhibits the highest hydrocarbon generation and expulsion potential. This study reveals the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of source rocks under different depositional environments and their key controlling factors, providing theoretical support for oil and gas exploration in the Dongying Sag of the Jiyang Depression and offering valuable insights for evaluating source rocks in similar lacustrine faulted basins.

Keywords

hydrocarbon generation, source rocks, lacustrine faulted basins, Dongying Sag, organic matter abundance

Citation

Zhao X, Tian M, Lu J, Min Y. The research on hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of main source rocks in the Dongying Sag of the Jiyang Depression and their depositional environmental impacts. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0221a.

Author information

Xianming Zhao: Shengli Oilfield Company Limited, Sinopec Group

Minghui Tian: Shengli Oilfield Company Limited, Sinopec Group

Jiabao Lu: Shengli Oilfield Company Limited, Sinopec Group

Yongshun Min: Shengli Oilfield Company Limited, Sinopec Group

Publication History

Received: 2024-12-06; Revised: 2025-02-17; Accepted: 2025-02-20

Abstract

With the widespread application of molecular marker technology in crop breeding, KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) markers have played a significant role in wheat drought resistance breeding due to their efficiency, sensitivity, and low cost. This study investigated 24 wheat lines from the drought-prone regions of Sichuan tested between 2020 and 2024, utilizing 32 KASP markers associated with drought resistance and high-yield traits. The study systematically analyzed the causes of detection anomalies and evaluated the current utilization of target superior alleles. The findings revealed that the main anomalies in KASP marker detection included unknown genotypes caused by reaction failures, heterozygosity issues due to sample contamination, and inconsistencies in single-plant genotypes. Heterozygosity issues were primarily attributed to mixed DNA samples or experimental errors. Regarding the detection of superior alleles, 14 markers had detection rates exceeding 83%, while 17 markers had detection rates below 50%, including five undetectable markers. Notably, the HQ04 line carried the highest number of superior alleles (20), demonstrating significant drought resistance potential. This study identified the key causes of detection anomalies in KASP marker assays and summarized the application status of superior alleles in wheat drought resistance breeding. Future efforts to optimize marker detection systems and enhance the stability and utilization of target genes could provide a reliable theoretical basis and technical support for molecular wheat breeding.

Keywords

KASP markers, wheat breeding, drought resistance, molecular markers, superior alleles

Citation

Kong S, Li Y, Zhang S, Zhang R. The application of KASP markers in wheat drought resistance breeding: Analysis of detection anomalies and evaluation of superior allele utilization. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0228a.

Author information

Shuxin Kong: Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heihe University

Yulian Li: Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heihe University

Shujuan Zhang: Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heihe University

Rongzhi Zhang: Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heihe University

Publication History

Received: 2024-12-06; Revised: 2025-02-12; Accepted: 2025-02-26

Abstract

The summer fallow period is a critical stage for water management in dryland agriculture. A field experiment was conducted in a dryland wheat field in southwestern China to clarify the role of maize straw return in improving soil water dynamics and enhancing winter wheat yield. Three treatments were established: no-tillage, maize straw return, and green manure. The differences in soil water storage, water consumption characteristics, and wheat production performance were compared. The results showed that, compared to no-tillage and maize green manure treatments, maize straw return significantly increased soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil profile, with a particularly notable improvement in water-holding capacity in the 100–200 cm deep soil layer. Additionally, straw return reduced annual crop water consumption and significantly improved the efficiency of summer fallow rainfall retention. Regarding wheat production performance, the straw return treatment significantly increased the number of spikes and grains per spike, with biomass and grain yield increasing by 16.5% and 21.3%, respectively, compared to other treatments. Mechanistic analysis revealed that maize straw return effectively alleviated the constraints of soil water deficiency on crop growth by reducing soil evaporation, improving soil structure, and enhancing water use efficiency. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for efficient water utilization and yield improvement in winter wheat under dryland agricultural conditions.

Keywords

dryland agriculture, maize straw return, soil water dynamics, winter wheat yield, water use efficiency

Citation

Yang Y, Xu H, Zhao C, Wu G. The effects of summer fallow maize straw return on soil water dynamics and winter wheat yield in dryland fields. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0309a.

Author information

Yingying Yang: Xining Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Huiying Xu: Xining Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Chen Zhao: Xining Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Gongliang Wu: Xining Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Publication History

Received: 2025-01-08; Revised: 2025-02-18; Accepted: 2025-03-08

Abstract

Rice is a globally important staple crop, and its growth and yield are significantly affected by climate change, particularly drought stress. Under water stress conditions, key agronomic traits such as grain shape (grain length, grain width, and length-to-width ratio) and grain weight may undergo significant changes, but their genetic basis remains incompletely understood. This study utilized a double haploid population derived from rice and upland rice varieties to investigate the phenotypic variation and genetic basis of grain shape and grain weight under both well-watered and drought-stress conditions. Phenotypic measurements and comparative analyses revealed that water stress significantly impacted grain shape and grain weight, with grain width being the most affected and grain length the least. Further QTL (quantitative trait locus) analysis identified 14 significant QTLs located on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 12, encompassing the genetic variation of grain length, grain width, grain weight, and length-to-width ratio. Key QTLs that exhibited stable performance under both upland and paddy conditions were identified, holding potential value for drought-resistant breeding. These stable QTLs can be employed in marker-assisted selection to accelerate the development of drought-tolerant rice varieties. The findings provide important insights into the phenotypic variation and genetic mechanisms of grain shape and grain weight under upland and paddy conditions, offering theoretical support and genetic resources for drought-resilient rice breeding.

Keywords

rice grain traits, drought stress, QTL analysis, marker-assisted selection, drought-tolerant rice

Citation

Li X, Liu H. The phenotypic variation and genetic analysis of rice grain shape and weight under upland and paddy conditions. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0321a.

Author information

Xiaokun Li: Mile Agricultural Technology Center

Hui Liu: Mile Agricultural Technology Center

Publication History

Received: 2025-01-10; Revised: 2025-03-05; Accepted: 2025-03-19

Abstract

Water scarcity is a major bottleneck restricting sustainable agricultural development, and studying efficient water-saving irrigation techniques is crucial for ensuring food production. This study, conducted at an agricultural experimental site in Sichuan Province, used a randomized block design to compare traditional border irrigation (control group, irrigation amount 4000 m³/hm²) with different irrigation levels under shallow-buried drip irrigation (W1: 40%, 1600 m³/hm²; W2: 50%, 2000 m³/hm²; W3: 60%, 2400 m³/hm²). The effects on maize yield, photosynthetic characteristics, key enzyme activities of photosynthetic carbon metabolism, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, and non-structural carbohydrate accumulation were systematically analyzed. The results showed that shallow-buried drip irrigation with 60% irrigation amount (W3) significantly reduced water usage while maintaining a high yield, comparable to traditional border irrigation and significantly higher than the W1 and W2 treatments. The W3 treatment significantly enhanced post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity, key enzyme activities of photosynthetic carbon metabolism, and nitrogen use efficiency in maize leaves, promoting the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates, with sucrose and soluble sugar contents being significantly higher than those in other treatments. In contrast, the W1 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of yield due to insufficient water supply and weakened photosynthetic function and physiological activity. The study indicates that shallow-buried drip irrigation combined with a 60% irrigation level is a water-saving and yield-stabilizing irrigation strategy, providing theoretical and practical guidance for the development of efficient water-use technologies in arid agricultural regions.

Keywords

water-saving irrigation, maize yield, photosynthetic efficiency, drip irrigation, arid agriculture

Citation

Lin X, Wu J, Lu M. The regulatory effects of different irrigation amounts under shallow-buried drip irrigation on post-anthesis carbon metabolism and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in maize. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0418a.

Author information

Xiujin Lin: Yibin Shengli Farm

Jianfeng Wu: Yibin Shengli Farm

Minyuan Lu: Yibin Shengli Farm

Publication History

Received: 2025-01-17; Revised: 2025-04-06; Accepted: 2025-04-16

Abstract

Grassland degradation is one of the major environmental issues threatening alpine ecosystems globally, profoundly affecting soil nutrient cycling and ecological functions. This study investigated the impacts of grassland degradation and temperature gradients (5°C, 10°C, 15°C) on soil organic phosphorus (P) mineralization characteristics and temperature sensitivity through an isothermal and moisture-controlled incubation experiment. The study was conducted in the Zoige Plateau, focusing on non-degraded meadows (ND), lightly degraded meadows (LD), moderately degraded meadows (MD), and heavily degraded meadows (HD). The results showed that the soil organic P mineralization rate and potential varied significantly over incubation time across different degradation levels, with interactive effects of degradation and temperature playing a critical role in the mineralization process. At high temperatures (≥15°C), grassland degradation significantly reduced net mineralization rates and mineralization potential, with MD and HD soils exhibiting a 55.8% and 57.2% reduction in net mineralization rates and a 29.5% and 40.4% decrease in mineralization potential (B₀ values) compared to ND soils, respectively. Additionally, the temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q₁₀) of soil organic P mineralization decreased with increasing degradation levels, with ND soils showing significantly higher Q₁₀ values than degraded soils, indicating that grassland degradation weakened the soil’s response to temperature changes. This study highlights the negative effects of grassland degradation on soil organic P mineralization and its temperature sensitivity, emphasizing that temperature is a crucial driver regulating soil organic P mineralization. Furthermore, it discusses the potential risks of exacerbated phosphorus cycle imbalances under global warming scenarios due to grassland degradation. The findings provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and soil phosphorus management in alpine grasslands, contributing to the sustainable development of grassland ecosystems under climate change.

Keywords

grassland degradation, soil organic phosphorus, temperature sensitivity, alpine ecosystems, phosphorus cycle

Citation

Li H, Hu X, Jiao Y, Guan X. The effects of grassland degradation and temperature changes on soil organic phosphorus mineralization characteristics and temperature sensitivity in alpine regions. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0517a.

Author information

Huixia Li: Inner Mongolia Grassland Soil Research Institute

Xiaofeng Hu: Inner Mongolia Grassland Soil Research Institute

Yuguo Jiao: Inner Mongolia Grassland Soil Research Institute

Xiaoyan Guan: Inner Mongolia Grassland Soil Research Institute

Publication History

Received: 2025-02-18; Revised: 2025-04-30; Accepted: 2025-05-15

Abstract

Global climate change has led to a continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, profoundly impacting agroecosystems and crop productivity. Understanding how crops adapt under adverse conditions, such as water deficit, remains a critical scientific challenge. Winter wheat, an important grain crop in arid regions, has not yet had its physiological and molecular response mechanisms to elevated CO2 fully elucidated. This study simulated varying CO2 concentrations and water supply levels under controlled conditions to systematically explore the regulatory effects of elevated CO2 on winter wheat under water stress by analyzing stomatal characteristics, photosynthesis, Rubisco enzyme activity, and the expression of related genes. The results showed that water deficit significantly inhibited photosynthetic rate and total biomass accumulation in winter wheat, but elevated CO2 effectively alleviated these negative effects. Specifically, elevated CO2 improved gas exchange efficiency, enhanced water use efficiency, and increased Rubisco enzyme activity and related gene expression. Additionally, by regulating stomatal behavior and the activity of key photosynthetic enzymes, elevated CO2 improved the growth performance of winter wheat under water stress. This study reveals the regulatory effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of winter wheat under water deficit, providing theoretical insights into crop adaptation mechanisms in the context of climate change and scientific guidance for improving water use efficiency and optimizing wheat cultivation practices.

Keywords

elevated CO2, winter wheat, water deficit, photosynthesis, crop adaptation

Citation

Hao Y, Han M, Wang J. Regulation of physiological and molecular response mechanisms of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration under soil water deficit conditions. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0620a.

Author information

Yongyu Hao: Gansu Yongtian Agricultural Engineering Consulting Center

Meixue Han: Gansu Yongtian Agricultural Engineering Consulting Center

Jiali Wang: Gansu Yongtian Agricultural Engineering Consulting Center

Publication History

Received: 2025-03-21; Revised: 2025-06-02; Accepted: 2025-06-18

Abstract

Low-permeability reservoirs are characterized by low reservoir permeability and poor fluid mobility, resulting in long-term low recovery efficiency. This necessitates the development of efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. This study focuses on microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) technology, selecting Bacillus subtilis BS3096 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa LZ3-2 as model microorganisms to systematically evaluate the functions and mechanisms of their metabolites (lipopeptides and rhamnolipids) in improving oil recovery. Laboratory-simulated imbibition experiments were conducted to explore the critical roles of biosurfactants in reducing oil-water interfacial tension, altering rock wettability, and optimizing imbibition pathways, with comparisons to chemical surfactants. Results showed that lipopeptide biosurfactants significantly reduced the oil-water interfacial tension from 0.8848 mN/m to 0.2055 mN/m and decreased the contact angle from 116.4° to 42.8°, transforming rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet and increasing oil recovery to 60%, outperforming chemical surfactants. Additionally, microbial cells achieved selective plugging of large pores in cores, directing imbibition fluids toward small pores in low-permeability zones, thereby further enhancing oil displacement efficiency. This study not only highlights the potential application value of microbial metabolites in improving oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs but also provides scientific evidence and technical support for the industrial application of MEOR technology, offering practical insights for the development of efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly EOR techniques.

Keywords

microbial enhanced oil recovery, low-permeability reservoirs, biosurfactants, oil-water interfacial tension, oil recovery efficiency

Citation

Jiang C, Sun S, Chen H, Zhang P. The research on the mechanisms and applications of microorganisms and their metabolites in enhancing oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0718a.

Author information

Chengyue Jiang: Shengli Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec

Shanhu Sun: Shengli Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec

Hui Chen: Shengli Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec

Pingfan Zhang: Shengli Oilfield Branch Company, Sinopec

Publication History

Received: 2025-04-15; Revised: 2025-07-02; Accepted: 2025-07-16

Abstract

Soil aggregates are the fundamental structural units of soil, and their size distribution plays a crucial role in shaping the soil pore structure characteristics and regulating organic carbon mineralization processes. This study, conducted on farmland soils from Sichuan Province, employed sieving methods to obtain aggregates of different size fractions (>5 mm, 2–5 mm, <0.5 mm), combined with X-ray micro-CT technology and laboratory incubation experiments, to systematically investigate the mechanisms by which aggregate size distribution affects soil pore structure and organic carbon mineralization. The results showed that small-sized aggregates (<0.5 mm) significantly reduced macroporosity (>16 μm) by 83.2%–93.6% and pore connectivity by over 95%. Moreover, small-sized aggregates significantly enhanced soil organic carbon mineralization, with cumulative mineralization increasing by 64.3%, 79.7%, and 14.5% in the control, low organic fertilizer, and high organic fertilizer treatments, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between cumulative mineralization and porosity in the 16–30 μm range. Mechanistic analysis indicated that aggregate breakdown released physically protected organic carbon and altered pore structures, thereby influencing microbial activity and carbon metabolic pathways. Additionally, different levels of organic fertilizer application significantly regulated the effects of aggregate size distribution on carbon mineralization, with the high organic fertilizer treatment exhibiting the most pronounced impact. This study elucidates the coupling mechanisms between aggregates, pore structure, and organic carbon mineralization, providing practical insights for optimizing soil carbon management and enhancing carbon use efficiency in agricultural ecosystems.

Keywords

soil aggregates, organic carbon mineralization, pore structure, aggregate size distribution, organic fertilizer

Citation

Cheng Y, Tang B, Duan L. The mechanisms of soil aggregate size distribution affecting pore structure characteristics and organic carbon mineralization. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0730a.

Author information

Yueming Cheng: Sichuan Agricultural Research Institute

Bo Tang: Sichuan Agricultural Research Institute

Limin Duan: Sichuan Agricultural Research Institute

Publication History

Received: 2025-04-10; Revised: 2025-07-12; Accepted: 2025-07-28

Abstract

The ecosystem in sandy plain areas is fragile, and enhancing the soil organic carbon pool is crucial for improving ecosystem functions and carbon sequestration. This study investigated sandy soils in a plain area of Zhejiang Province, examining four forest types: pure poplar forest, pure willow forest, mixed poplar-willow forest, and abandoned land (control). By collecting soil samples from 0–100 cm, the study systematically analyzed soil organic carbon content, active carbon components (easily oxidizable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon), and soil enzyme activities (invertase, polyphenol oxidase, β-glucosidase, and peroxidase), as well as their interrelationships. Results showed that different forest types significantly influenced soil organic carbon content and stock. Compared to abandoned land, afforestation significantly increased soil organic carbon stock, with the highest levels observed in pure poplar forests, where soil organic carbon content in the 0–100 cm layer increased by 45.4%–82.6%, and stock increased by 1.2–1.9 times. Active carbon components and soil enzyme activities varied significantly among forest types, with mixed poplar-willow forests showing the greatest increase in active carbon components, while enzyme activities in pure poplar and mixed poplar-willow forests were significantly higher than in abandoned land. Correlation analysis indicated that polyphenol oxidase and β-glucosidase played important roles in the formation of active carbon components, whereas invertase and peroxidase were key to organic carbon accumulation and stock. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and fine root biomass were the primary driving factors of forest-type effects on soil organic carbon pool characteristics. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which different forest types affect the soil organic carbon pool and active components in sandy plain areas, offering practical insights for ecosystem restoration and carbon sequestration.

Keywords

soil organic carbon, sandy plain areas, forest types, carbon sequestration, soil enzyme activities

Citation

Ma J, Xu L, Li S. The effects of different forest types on the soil organic carbon pool and enzyme activity characteristics in sandy plain areas. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0830a.

Author information

Juying Ma: Faculty of Science and Technology, Ningbo University

Lifang Xu: Faculty of Science and Technology, Ningbo University

Shuangshuang Li: Faculty of Science and Technology, Ningbo University

Publication History

Received: 2025-04-18; Revised: 2025-08-10; Accepted: 2025-08-28

Abstract

This study systematically evaluated the effects of different sweet potato rotation patterns on soil organic carbon components and carbon-transforming enzyme activities to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of crop rotation on soil carbon cycling. The experiment included continuous sweet potato–wheat cropping (SWS) and three rotation patterns: sweet potato–wheat/sweet potato–rapeseed (SWR), sweet potato–wheat/maize–wheat (SWC), and sweet potato–wheat/peanut–wheat (SWP). Soil samples were collected from 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layers to determine soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and the activities of related carbon-transforming enzymes (sucrase, cellulase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase). The results showed that crop rotation significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon components and enzyme activities, with notable differences among rotation patterns; SWC and SWP exhibited stronger promoting effects than SWR. Further analysis revealed significant correlations between soil organic carbon components and carbon-transforming enzyme activities, suggesting their synergistic roles in carbon cycling. This study innovatively compared multiple sweet potato rotation patterns and, for the first time, systematically revealed the differential responses of soil layers to rotation, thereby expanding the research perspective on the biochemical mechanisms of soil carbon cycling. The findings provide theoretical support for optimizing sweet potato rotation systems and managing soil health, offering important implications for promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords

sweet potato rotation, soil organic carbon, carbon-transforming enzymes, soil carbon cycling, soil health

Citation

Li W, Mo X. The regulatory effects of sweet potato rotation patterns on soil organic carbon components and carbon-transforming enzyme activities. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0830b.

Author information

Weibin Li: Zhengzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center

Xueqing Mo: Zhengzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center

Publication History

Received: 2025-03-12; Revised: 2025-08-11; Accepted: 2025-08-28

Abstract

The lacustrine source rocks of the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin represent an important tight oil potential play in Northeast China, and their hydrocarbon generation kinetics and expulsion efficiency are crucial for resource potential evaluation and exploration deployment. Based on gold-tube pyrolysis experiments and organic geochemical analyses, this study systematically investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential, kinetic parameters, and expulsion efficiency of Type I kerogen source rocks from the Qingshankou Formation. The results indicate that the maximum hydrocarbon generation yield reaches approximately 600 mg/g·TOC, with the main generation stage occurring at EasyRo values of 0.5%–1.2%. Kinetic analysis shows an average activation energy of 218.8 kJ/mol, with heavier fractions generally exhibiting lower activation energies than lighter fractions. Combined with thermal history modeling of Well YX58 and geological model reconstruction, the current hydrocarbon conversion rate of the formation is estimated at 40%–60%, corresponding to an actual hydrocarbon yield of 240–360 mg/g·TOC and an expelled hydrocarbon yield of about 150–200 mg/g·TOC, with an expulsion efficiency of approximately 60%. In summary, the Qingshankou Formation source rocks possess significant tight oil potential, and the established methodological framework for hydrocarbon generation kinetics and expulsion efficiency evaluation provides theoretical and technical support for the quantitative assessment, favorable area prediction, and exploration target optimization of lacustrine source rocks.

Keywords

Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin, hydrocarbon generation kinetics, expulsion efficiency, tight oil potential

Citation

Wang X, Xu W, Zhang Z. Hydrocarbon generation kinetics and expulsion efficiency evaluation of lacustrine source rocks: A case study of the Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0909a.

Author information

Xianqing Wang: Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield, PetroChina

Weidong Xu: Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield, PetroChina

Zhenjie Zhang: Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield, PetroChina

Publication History

Received: 2025-04-16; Revised: 2025-07-28; Accepted: 2025-08-26

Abstract

Rational utilization of maize heterosis is a core pathway to enhance yield potential and ensure food security, and the accuracy of heterosis group classification is directly related to the scientific prediction of heterosis and parental selection. Traditional approaches are limited by the number of molecular markers and statistical models, making it difficult to balance accuracy and stability. In this study, waxy maize inbred lines were used as materials, and marker sets with different densities were constructed based on high-throughput SNP markers. Population structure analysis and genetic clustering were applied for group classification, while random forest and support vector machine algorithms were introduced for discriminant analysis and cross-validation. The results showed that moderate-density markers outperformed high-density markers in terms of within-group consistency and clustering stability; in discriminant analysis, the random forest model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, exceeding that of the support vector machine. These findings indicate that excessively high marker density does not necessarily improve classification performance, and that moderate marker density combined with machine learning methods enables more efficient and stable group classification and prediction. This study established a methodological system for maize heterosis group classification and discriminant analysis based on moderate SNP markers and the random forest algorithm, providing new technical support for rational parental selection and heterosis prediction in maize breeding.

Keywords

maize heterosis, SNP markers, machine learning, random forest, discriminant analysis

Citation

Zhang D, Fan Y. Classification and discriminant analysis of maize heterosis groups: A methodological system based on moderate SNP markers and machine learning. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v0925a.

Author information

Dongran Zhang: Northeast Collaborative Innovation Center

Youjun Fan: Northeast Collaborative Innovation Center

Publication History

Received: 2025-07-10; Revised: 2025-09-05; Accepted: 2025-09-22

Abstract

High-oleic peanut, known for its superior nutritional quality and health benefits, occupies an important position in the peanut industry; however, its yield is markedly influenced by fluctuations in meteorological conditions, with significant differences among varieties. To systematically elucidate the response patterns of high-oleic peanut to meteorological factors and evaluate yield stability, multi-year field experiments were conducted in representative peanut-producing regions, integrating meteorological data on temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation during key growth stages. Through correlation analysis, stability parameter estimation, and comprehensive adaptability index evaluation, the study identified the sensitivity types of different varieties to major meteorological factors and their interannual yield stability differences. The results showed that high-oleic peanut varieties exhibited significant variation in responses to temperature, rainfall, and light conditions, and varieties with lower meteorological sensitivity demonstrated higher yield stability and adaptability under variable environments. This study clarified the response characteristics and stability mechanisms of high-oleic peanut to key meteorological factors, providing a scientific basis for targeted breeding, regional adaptability evaluation, and climate risk management, and offering theoretical support for the sustainable development of the high-oleic peanut industry.

Keywords

high-oleic peanut, yield stability, meteorological factors, climate adaptability, targeted breeding

Citation

Gu Z, Liu W. The response characteristics of high-oleic peanut varieties to meteorological factors and evaluation of yield stability. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1023a.

Author information

Zhongjian Gu: Kaifeng Agricultural Research Institute

Wenkai Liu: Kaifeng Agricultural Research Institute

Publication History

Received: 2025-08-08; Revised: 2025-10-07; Accepted: 2025-10-22

Abstract

After horizontal well development in the Machong tight oil reservoir of the Santanghu Basin, problems such as rapid reservoir pressure decline, significant productivity reduction, and low primary recovery efficiency have become prominent, highlighting the urgent need to establish an enhanced oil recovery technology system adapted to reservoir characteristics for efficient and sustainable development. Focusing on the wettability characteristics of the reservoir, this study systematically investigates the adaptability and optimization model of water injection and huff-and-puff technology. Comprehensive core experiments and wettability tests reveal that the reservoir rock surface exhibits predominantly weakly to strongly hydrophilic properties. Combined with evaluations of reservoir physical properties and oil-bearing characteristics, the study provides a theoretical basis for the application of water injection and huff-and-puff technology. Field pilot tests were conducted in multiple horizontal wells, and dynamic production data and pressure responses were analyzed comprehensively. The results show that the technology effectively mitigates production decline, significantly enhances daily oil output and cumulative recovery, and demonstrates high feasibility and efficiency in weakly hydrophilic tight reservoirs. Further analysis identifies injection intensity, injection pressure exceeding formation fracture pressure, and horizontal well trajectory position as key factors controlling huff-and-puff performance. Accordingly, an optimized injection–production parameter system matching the reservoir’s wettability characteristics was established. The findings indicate that a high-pressure injection–centered optimization model can substantially improve the development performance of tight oil reservoirs, providing a technical pathway and engineering reference for efficient injection–production in reservoirs with similar geological conditions.

Keywords

tight oil reservoir, wettability characteristics, water injection and huff-and-puff, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), Santanghu Basin

Citation

Ren J, Zhou Y. Study on the adaptability and optimized development model of water injection and huff-and-puff in tight oil reservoirs based on wettability characteristics: A case study of the Machong reservoir in the Santanghu Basin. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1116a.

Author information

Jianfei Ren: Tuha Oilfield Company, PetroChina

Yanhai Zhou: Tuha Oilfield Company, PetroChina

Publication History

Received: 2025-07-07; Revised: 2025-10-31; Accepted: 2025-11-13

Abstract

Temperate grasslands represent a significant component of the global terrestrial carbon pool, and the spatial patterns and decomposition dynamics of their soil organic carbon fractions are directly linked to ecosystem carbon stability and climate change feedbacks; thus, clarifying the mechanisms underlying these variations is of substantial scientific importance. This study aims to identify how diverse environmental factors regulate the contents and standardized decomposition rates of major soil organic carbon fractions and to characterize their spatial differentiation at the regional scale. Based on transects established along typical environmental gradients in temperate grasslands, combined with soil particle-size fractionation, controlled laboratory incubation experiments, and a multifactor variance decomposition model, this study systematically evaluates the influences of climate, vegetation, soil physicochemical properties, and mineral composition on the behavior of distinct carbon fractions. The results reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in the contents of various organic carbon fractions along regional gradients, with clear differences among grassland types. In contrast, their standardized decomposition rates generally exhibit opposing spatial trends, characterized by lower decomposition rates in areas with higher carbon contents. Mechanistic analyses further indicate that climate and mineralogical factors are the dominant variables governing the distribution of carbon-fraction contents, with mineral effects particularly evident in fine particle-associated fractions, whereas decomposition rates are jointly regulated by mineralogy, soil physicochemical attributes, and climatic conditions. Overall, the study uncovers significant heterogeneity in the spatial patterns and process controls of soil organic carbon fractions in temperate grasslands, providing essential parameters for improving the representation of soil-carbon dynamics in Earth system models and offering important scientific support for carbon-sink assessment and ecological management in temperate grassland ecosystems.

Keywords

soil organic carbon fractions, decomposition rate, mineral protection, environmental gradients, Earth system models, Temperate Grasslands

Citation

Hu Y, Su Z. Spatial variation of soil organic carbon fractions and decomposition rates in temperate grasslands and their multi-factor driving mechanisms. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1121a.

Author information

Yizhi Hu: Northwest Botanical Garden and Agricultural Industry Experiment Room

Zhenli Su: Northwest Botanical Garden and Agricultural Industry Experiment Room

Publication History

Received: 2025-09-02; Revised: 2025-11-10; Accepted: 2025-11-19

Abstract

The excessive nitrogen application rate and low nitrogen use efficiency in maize production have become major constraints to improving green yields in Northeast China, while slow-release nitrogen fertilisers show substantial potential for enhancing nitrogen efficiency and facilitating green agricultural transformation. To clarify the yield response mechanisms and nitrogen uptake characteristics under reduced slow-release nitrogen fertiliser application, a field experiment was conducted in eastern Liaoning Province, employing various combinations of slow-release nitrogen rates and topdressing strategies. The impacts on maize growth and development, yield formation, dry matter accumulation dynamics, and nitrogen use efficiency were systematically evaluated. The results indicate that moderately reduced slow-release nitrogen fertiliser can stabilise yield while maintaining growth progression and dry matter assimilation rates during key developmental stages, significantly increasing nitrogen uptake and improving partial factor productivity of nitrogen, agronomic efficiency, and overall nitrogen use efficiency. This study demonstrates that reduced slow-release nitrogen fertiliser regimes can achieve a synergistic effect of high and stable maize yields alongside efficient nitrogen utilisation, providing scientific evidence and technical support for developing green and efficient nitrogen management strategies in eastern Liaoning and similar agroecological regions.

Keywords

slow-release nitrogen fertiliser, nitrogen use efficiency, maize yield formation, dry matter accumulation dynamics, agronomic efficiency, Northeast China maize production

Citation

Yin D, Li Q. The regulatory mechanisms of reduced slow-release nitrogen fertiliser application on maize yield formation and nitrogen uptake, and utilisation characteristics. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1127a.

Author information

Donghai Yin: Ecological Research Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Finance and Economics

Qianjin Li: Ecological Research Laboratory, Heilongjiang University of Finance and Economics

Publication History

Received: 2025-08-03; Revised: 2025-11-13; Accepted: 2025-11-25

Abstract

Climate change has intensified the risk of drought stress in winter wheat production across semi-arid rainfed regions, underscoring the need to establish an efficient and accurate evaluation system for drought resistance to ensure regional food security. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which flag-leaf stomatal traits influence water use efficiency and yield formation, and to construct an integrated drought-resistance evaluation framework based on stomatal characteristics. Using multi-genotype winter wheat materials, stomatal density, stomatal morphology, and related photosynthetic physiological parameters were systematically measured through multi-season field experiments. Variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and the membership function method were employed to determine the effects of genotype, environment, and their interactions on stomatal trait variation and to identify core phenotypic indicators driving drought adaptation. The results showed significant differentiation among genotypes in stomatal configuration, photosynthetic capacity, and agronomic traits, with stomatal traits exhibiting a clear pattern of coordinated variation; the “small-and-dense” stomatal configuration was strongly associated with higher water use efficiency and stable yield performance. The integrated evaluation system effectively distinguished genotypic differences in drought adaptability and identified superior drought-resistant cultivars. Overall, the proposed stomatal-trait-based evaluation framework provides a practical technical approach for drought-resistant breeding in semi-arid rainfed regions and offers a theoretical basis for future crop phenotypic improvement and germplasm screening under increasing drought stress.

Keywords

drought resistance, winter wheat, stomatal traits, water use efficiency, phenotypic evaluation, semi-arid rainfed regions

Citation

Jiang G, Jin Y, Huang X. The screening of drought resistance in winter wheat in semi-arid rainfed regions based on an integrated evaluation system of stomatal traits. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1219a.

Author information

Guirong Jiang: Qinghai Key Laboratory of Climate Change Research

Yajing Jin: Qinghai Key Laboratory of Climate Change Research

Xinying Huang: Qinghai Key Laboratory of Climate Change Research

Publication History

Received: 2025-09-18; Revised: 2025-12-05; Accepted: 2025-12-17

Abstract

Intercropping is an important cultivation strategy for improving land-use efficiency and crop productivity, in which row ratio configuration—a key agronomic measure for regulating interspecific interactions—plays a crucial role in optimising resource allocation and enhancing system-level benefits. This study aimed to elucidate the growth dynamics, interspecific competition, and yield formation mechanisms of maize and peanut under different row ratio configurations, thereby providing a theoretical basis for optimising intercropping system design. Field experiments were conducted with multiple maize–peanut row ratio treatments, and crop height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation were measured to assess growth performance. Canopy light interception and light-use efficiency were analysed, and indices such as the land equivalent ratio (LER) were used to quantify interspecific competition and complementarity, while economic returns were calculated for each treatment. The results showed that increasing the proportion of peanut rows enhanced the edge-row advantage of maize, significantly increasing dry matter accumulation per plant compared with inner rows; under optimal row ratio treatments, the system LER exceeded 1, demonstrating a clear yield advantage, and economic benefits improved significantly compared with monocultures of both crops. Overall, the study indicates that rational row ratio configuration can promote temporal–spatial niche differentiation, strengthen interspecific resource complementarity, and balance competition with mutualism, ultimately enhancing both yield and profitability of the intercropping system, and providing guidance for optimising maize–peanut intercropping patterns.

Keywords

intercropping system optimisation, row ratio configuration, interspecific competition, land equivalent ratio, crop productivity, Northeast China

Citation

Wang J, Meng J, Wang T. Effects of row ratio regulation on growth, yield, and economic benefits in a maize–peanut intercropping system. Engineering Innovation and Practice, 2025, 1, eip1v1219b.

Author information

Jiangtao Wang: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian University of Technology

Jingjing Meng: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian University of Technology

Tengfei Wang: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian University of Technology

Publication History

Received: 2025-10-06; Revised: 2025-12-05; Accepted: 2025-12-18