Research

Microblogging platforms' short character limits often drive users to rely on external links to share detailed information, inadvertently increasing exposure to URL-based phishing attacks. As platforms expand character limits, it is critical to understand how such changes shape phishing dynamics. Leveraging Twitter’s character limit increase as a natural experiment, we examine how attackers adapt their strategies. Drawing on deception theory and attacker behavior literature, we theorize and test mechanisms linking character limits to phishing tactics. Results show a shift from untargeted phishing—mass distribution of phishing URLs—to spear phishing, characterized by fewer URLs but more targeted attacks. Phishing messages also become longer, more negative in sentiment, and rely more on loss-framed appeals. Our findings highlight a paradox: although increased character limits reduce phishing volume, threats remain and become more elusive due to attackers' adaptation with more deceptive tactics, underscoring the need to update security measures.

On-time performance is a vital metric for airlines, reflecting their operational efficiency and precision, and it is a key factor influencing customer satisfaction and brand reputation. The conventional wisdom from the industry and government stakeholders is that adopting mobile boarding passes, alongside traditional paper-based passes, is anticipated to enhance operational efficiency. However, empirical evidence regarding this impact remains inconclusive. Leveraging the staggered rollout of mobile boarding passes by leading U.S. airlines in a few major airports during 2007–2008, along with two difference-in-differences designs, we find that the adoption of mobile boarding pass is initially associated with a 5% increase in departure delays. We further find that the rise in departure delays is more pronounced under the following conditions: (i) when free Wi-Fi is available at a departure airport, (ii) when airlines implement mobile boarding pass at a hub airport, or (iii) when the airport serves a more densely populated metropolitan area. These results suggest that in the short term, making an innovative technology easily accessible and widely available disrupts operations and increases inefficiencies. We find that in response to the increase in delays, airlines reduce ground time at departures, but this mitigating measure is not sufficient to offset the overall delay. However, our analysis of the long-term effects reveals that these initial operating delays subside over time, leading to early departures in the long run. Our mechanism tests show that passenger confusion drives the short-term disruptions, while gradual passenger learning stabilizes the long-term process benefits. Our paper provides actionable strategies for the aviation industry and policymakers, emphasizing the need to anticipate and manage short-term process disruptions while designing strategies to support smooth technology adoptions that would lead to significant long-term performance gains.

Abstract

This study examines the impact of hospital system affiliation on patient experience, leveraging Google ratings and reviews. Using a quasi-experimental design that exploits variations in the heterogeneous timing of hospital affiliations, we find that affiliation leads to a 7.4% decline in average ratings. Notably, the negative effect is more pronounced in larger hospitals compared to smaller ones, and in for-profit hospitals compared to non-profit or government-owned hospitals. Topic modeling of the lowest-star reviews reveals that billing and payment concerns are the primary drivers of this decline. Further analysis links these concerns to transitions in electronic medical record (EMR) systems post-affiliation, particularly when affiliated hospitals fail to align with the system’s primary EMR vendor. Such EMR misalignment is associated with greater IT disruptions in billing and payment, exacerbating negative patient experiences. Our findings offer valuable insights for hospital administrators and policymakers, highlighting the importance of EMR integration and proactive transition management to minimize negative patient experiences after affiliation.

Medicaid Managed Care (MMC) has become the dominant delivery model for low-income populations in the United States, yet its effectiveness varies widely across hospitals. This study examines how the density of MMC patients within a hospital’s caseload influences its response to capitation-based incentives. We introduce the concept of density-driven operational adaptation, which posits that a higher concentration of MMC patients increases the salience of payer incentives and motivates hospitals to realign workflows, discharge planning, and post-acute coordination. Using a natural experiment created by Florida’s transition from fee-for-service to statewide MMC between 2013 and 2015, we find that hospitals with higher MMC density achieve shorter inpatient stays, higher post-acute care utilization, and lower 30-day readmissions and emergency department visits. These improvements are concentrated in postoperative care, where coordination and discharge timing are most critical, and are driven by current patient mix rather than accumulated experience. Our findings highlight the critical role of patient-type density in shaping the success of value-based payment reforms, with implications for policymakers seeking to strengthen MMC effectiveness and for hospital managers aiming to align operations with payer-driven incentives.

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry'' Decision Science Institute (DSI) Annual Conference, 2025, Proceedings.

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry'' Conference on Information Systems and Technology (CIST) 2025, Proceedings.

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences  (HICSS) 2025, Proceedings. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation. International Conference of Information Systems (ICIS) 2024, Proceedings. (ICIS Best Paper Award Nomination)

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation. Conference on Information Systems and Technology (CIST) 2024, Proceedings.

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, and Abraham Seidmann. Designing the Optimal Delivery of IT-Enabled Remote Dental Services. Proceedings of Conference on Health IT and Analytics (CHITA), Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, 2024.

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, Abraham Seidmann, Dorota Kopycka-Kedzierawski, and Sean McLaren. Optimal Location of a Remote Dental Unit.  The 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Maui, HI, January 2022.

• Kyung Hee Lee, Jong Youl Lee, Kyoung-Yun Kim, Sang-Do Noh, Sung-Jun Kang, Doo-Myun Lee. An Integrated Framework for Simulation and Analysis of Manual Assembly Process. In PLM 2017. Proceedings, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 517., 2017.

• Tasnia Reza, Jong Youl Lee, and Kyoung-Yun Kim, An Empirical Study of Crowdsourcing Services using Repertory Grid. In IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings (pp. 1556- 1561), Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, 2017

• Anqi Wu and Jong Youl Lee. "AI-Enabled Medical Device Recalls: Investigation of Mechanisms'' in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) Annual Conference, Reno, NV  May 7- May 11, 2026 (Scheduled).

• Anqi Wu and Jong Youl Lee. "AI-Enabled Medical Device Recalls: Investigation of Mechanisms'' in AI 360 Research Fellows Workshop, FIU Business, Miami, FL, Feb. 20, 2026.

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. "From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry,'' in Decision Science Institute Annual Conference, Nov 22 - Nov 24, 2025.

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. "From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry,'' in Conference on Information Systems and Technology (CIST) 2025, Atlanta, GA, October 25-26, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. "From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry,'' in INFORMS ISS - ISR Paper Development Workshop 2025, Atlanta, GA, October 24, 2025 

• Jong Youl Lee, Min-Seok Pang, and Abraham Seidmann. "From Disruption to Operational Efficiency: Impact of Mobile Boarding Pass Adoption in the U.S. Aviation Industry,'' Kyung Hee University, School of Management, Seoul, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. "To Claim or Not To Claim? The Hidden Cost of Business Page Claiming" KAIST College of Business, Seoul, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Jennifer Jie Zhang, and H. Raghav Rao, "Microblogging Character Limit and Phishing Strategy," in Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WIES), Tokyo, Japan, June 23- June 25, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Jennifer Jie Zhang, and H. Raghav Rao, "Microblogging Character Limit and Phishing Strategy," in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 8- May 12, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Min Chen, and Jong Myeong Lim, "Hospital System Affiliation and Patient Experience: The Hidden Costs of EMR Misalignment," in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 8- May 12, 2025. 

• Jong Myeong Lim, Min Chen, and Jong Youl Lee,  "The Role of Familiarity in Improving the Effectiveness of Medicaid Managed Care," in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) 33rd Annual Conference, Atlanta,  May 8- May 12, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Min Chen, and Jong Myeong Lim, "Hospital System Affiliation and Patient Experiences," Duke University School of Medicine, Health Informatics Research Seminar Series, Online, Feb 12, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. "To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation" in Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences  (HICSS) 2025, Big Island, HI, January 7-10, 2025. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. "To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation" in International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2024, Bangkok, Thailand, December 15-18, 2024. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. "To Claim or Not To Claim? Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluation" in Conference on Information Systems and Technology (CIST) 2024, Seattle, WA, October 19-20, 2024. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, and Abraham Seidmann. "Designing the Optimal Delivery of IT-Enabled Remote Dental Services" in Conference on Health IT and Analytics (CHITA), Washington DC, May 4- May 5, 2024.

• Jong Youl Lee. "Character Limit and Expression Mode in a Microblogging Platform" in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, April 25- April 29, 2024.

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, and Abraham Seidmann. "Optimal Location of Remote Dental Units" in INFORMS Annual Meeting, Pheonix, October 15 -18, 2023.

• Jong Youl Lee, Mikhail Lysyakov, and Huaxia Rui. "Impact of Owner's Business Page Claiming on Customer Evaluations" in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) 33rd Annual Conference, Orlando,  May 21- May 25, 2023. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, and Abraham Seidmann. "Optimal Location of Remote Dental Units" in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, May 21- May 25, 2023. 

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, and Abraham Seidmann. "Optimal Location of a Remote Dental Unit" in INFORMS Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, October 16 - 19, 2022.

• Jong Youl Lee, Balaraman Rajan, Abraham Seidmann, Dorota Kopycka-Kedzierawski, and Sean McLaren. "Optimal Location of a Remote Dental Unit" in Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 55th Annual Conference, Jan 4- 7, 2022. 

• Jong Youl Lee. "Restaurant Franchise Affiliation and Online Customer Complaint in Restaurant Review Platform" in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) 31st Annual Conference, Virtual,  April 30 - May 5, 2021. 

• Jong Youl Lee. "Restaurant Franchise Affiliation and Online Customer Complaint in Restaurant Review Platform" in INFORMS Annual Meeting, Virtual, November 8 - 11, 2020.

• Jong Youl Lee and Kyoung-Yun Kim. “Constructing Reusable Medical Equipment Service Lifecycle Decision Rules” in Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May 20 - 23, 2017. 

• Noor Jannat, Jong Youl Lee, Sattar Ameri, and Kyoung-Yun Kim. “Visualization of RSW Quality Data” in Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) Annual Conference, Orlando, FL, May 19 - 22, 2018.

• Kyoung-Yun Kim, Jong Youl Lee, Sattar Ameri, and Junheung Park. “Design Analytics System for Customer Service Life Cycle” in National Science Foundation (NSF) Center for e-Design - Industrial Advisory Board (IAB) Meeting, Charleston, SC, September 26 – 28, 2017. 

• Tasnia Reza, Jong Youl Lee, Jaemun Sim, and Kyoung-Yun Kim. “Comparison Framework and Repertory Grid Analysis of Crowdsourcing Services” in Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) International Conference, Tel Aviv, Israel, June 27 - 29, 2017.